2022届高三英语二轮复 阅读专题训练 （说明文）
（2020·新课标ⅠC）
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running research shows while most likely contributing to fewer injuries It does however have its own problem
Race walkers are conditioned athletes The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50kilometer race walk which is about five miles longer than the marathon But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity however says Jaclyn Norberg an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem Mass
Like running race walking is physically demanding she says According to most calculations race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking although fewer than running which would probably burn about 1000 or more calories per hour
However race walking does not pound the body as much as running does Dr Norberg says According to her research runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step while race walkers who do not leave the ground create only about 14 times their body weight with each step
As a result she says some of the injuries associated with running such as runner’s knee are uncommon among race walkers But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport In fact anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique she says It takes some practice
28 Why are race walkers conditioned athletes
A They must run long distances
B They are qualified for the marathon
C They have to follow special rules
D They are good at swinging their legs
29 What advantage does race walking have over running
A It’s more popular at the Olympics
B It’s less challenging physically
C It’s more effective in body building
D It’s less likely to cause knee injuries
30 What is Dr Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking
A Getting experts’ opinions B Having a medical checkup
C Hiring an experienced coach D Doing regular exercises
31 Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking
A Skeptical B Objective C Tolerant D Conservative
二（2020·新课标ⅠD）
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research Recent studies have found positive effects A study conducted in YoungstownOhiofor example discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime In anotheremployees were shown to be 15 more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverseeven unusual functions These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day＂explained Michael Strano a professor of chemical engineering at MIT
One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for threeandahalf hours The lightabout onethousandth of the amount needed to read byis just a start The technology Strano said could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into selfpowered street lamps
in the futurethe team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a oneoff treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight
Lighting accounts for about 7 of the total electricity consumed in the US Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highwaya lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输)
Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy
32 What is the first paragraph mainly about
A A new study of different plants
B A big fall in crime rates
C Employees from various workplaces
D Benefits from green plants
33 What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer
A To detect plants’ lack of water
B To change compositions of plants
C To make the life of plants longer
D To test chemicals in plants
34 What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future
A They will speed up energy production
B They may transmit electricity to the home
C They might help reduce energy consumption
D They could take the place of power plants
35 Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A Can we grow more glowing plants
B How do we live with glowing plants
C Could glowing plants replace lamps
D How are glowing plants made pollutionfree
三（2020·新课标ⅢD）
We are the products of evolution and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago As scientists look deeper into our genes (基) they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes Cattle raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults
On Thursday in an article published in Cell a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation not to air or to food but to the ocean A group of seadwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers The Bajau as these people are known number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia Malaysia and the Philippines They have traditionally lived on houseboats in recent times they’ve also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters They are simply a stranger to the land said Redney C Jubilado a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau
Dr Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines They made a living as divers spearfishing or harvesting shellfish We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders Dr Jubilado said I could see them actually walking under the sea
In201 Melissa Ilardo then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen heard about the Bajau She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population said Dr Ilardo She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive
32 What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1
A Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers B New knowledge of human evolution
C Recent findings of human origin D Significance of food selection
33 Where do the Bajau build their houses
A In valleys B Near rivers C On the beach D Off the coast
34 Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau
A They could walk on stilts all day B They had a superb way of fishing
C They could stay long underwater D They lived on both land and water
35 What can be a suitable title for the text
A Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea B Highlanders’ Survival Skills
C Basic Methods of Genetic Research D The World’s Best Divers
四（2020·山东卷D）
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份) it＇s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits the researchers conducted two experiments In the first 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面)participate in a study about movie viewership Before the film began each woman was asked to help herself to a snack An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first In her natural state the actor weighed 105 pounds But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food The participants followed suit taking more food than they normally would have However they took significantly more when the actor was thin
For the second test in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls In the other case she took 30 pieces The results were similar to the first test the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we＇re making decisions If this fellow participant is going to eat more so will I Call it the I’ll have what she＇s having effect However we＇ll adjust the influence If an overweight person is having a large portion I＇ll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits But if a thin person eats a lot I＇ll follow suit If he can eat much and keep slim why can＇t I
12 What is the recent study mainly about
A Food safety B Movie viewership
C Consumer demand D Eating behavior
13 What does the underlined word beanpoles in paragraph 1 refer to
A Big eaters B Overweight persons
C Picky eaters D Tall thin persons
14 Why did the researchers hire the actor
A To see how she would affect the participants
B To test if the participants could recognize her
C To find out what she would do in the two tests
D To study why she could keep her weight down
15 On what basis do we adjust the influence according to the last paragraph
A How hungry we are B How slim we want to be
C How we perceive others D How we feel about the food
五（2020·浙江卷B）
The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue Washington generally don＇t flash the same length of green twice in a row especially at rush hour At 930am the full redyellowgreen signal cycle might be 140 seconds By 933am a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds Less traffic at 937am could push it down to 135 Just like the traffic itself the timing of the signals changes
That is by design Bellevue a fastgrowing city just east of Seattle uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US intersection(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions These lights known as adaptive signals have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home
Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed says Alex Stevanovic a researcher at Florida Atlantic University
For all of Bellevue’s success adaptive signals are not a cureall for jammed roadways Kevin Balke a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference It’s not going to fix everything but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities he says
In Bellevue the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches In the past there was often an automatic reaction to increased traffic just widen the roads says Mark Poch the Bellevue Transportation Department’s traffic engineering manager Now he hopes that other cities will consider making their streets run smarter instead of just making them bigger
25 What does the underlined word that in paragraph 2 refer to
A Increased length of green lights B Shortened traffic signal cycle
C Flexible timing of traffic signals D Smooth traffic flow on the road
26 What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals
A They work better on broad roads
B They should be used in other cities
C They have greatly reduced traffic on the road
D They are less helpful in cities seriously jammed
27 What can we learn from Bellevue’s success
A It is rewarding to try new things B The old methods still work today
C I pays to put theory into practice D The simplest way is the best way
六（2020·浙江卷C）
Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests Then for eight years the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests
Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激) demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status
This works just like physical exercise says Francisca Then who led the study After a long run you may feel like you’re in pain you may feel tired But it makes you fit After a long day at worksure you will feel tired but it can help your brain stay healthy
It＇s not just corporate jobs or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit Then points out A waiter’s job for example that requires multitasking teamwork and decisionmaking could be just as stimulating as any highlevel office work And running a family household requires highlevel planning and coordinating(协调) she says You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries
Of course our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasonsincluding other environmental influences or genetic factors Still continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help
28 Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests
A To assess their health status B To evaluate their work habits
C To analyze their personality D To measure their mental ability
29 How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4
A By using an expert’s words B By making a comparison
C By referring to another study D By introducing a concept
30 Which of the following is the best title for the text
A Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
七（2019·全国卷IC）
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common the market is growing for biometric (生物测量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private espaces At present these technologies are still expensive though
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a lowcost device(装置)that gets around this problem a smart keyboard This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user＇s typing and the time between key presses These patterns are unique to each person Thus the keyboard can determine people＇s identities and by extension whether they should be given access to the computer it＇s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right
It also doesn＇t require a new type of technology that people aren＇t already familiar with Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently
In a study describing the technology the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word touchfour times using the smart keyboard Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed with very low error rates The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive plasticlike parts The team hopes to make it to market in the near future
28 Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard
A To reduce pressure on keys B To improve accuracy in typing
C To replace the password system D To cut the cost of espace protection
29 What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible？
A Computers are much easier to operate
B Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast
C Typing patterns vary from person to person
D Data security measures are guaranteed
30 What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？all 1o soisgitieoco oll
A It＇ll be environmentfriendly B It＇ll reach consumers soon
C It＇ll be made of plastics D It＇ll help speed up typing
31 Where is this text most likely from
A A diary B A guidebook C A novel D A magazine
八（2019·全国卷IIID）
Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 025 drops of water or juice as a reward The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward
Here＇s how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone who led the team described the experiment In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens On one part of the screen a symbol would appear and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown For example the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8 If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice if they went for the circle they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example
After running hundreds of tests the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time indicating that they were performing a calculation not just memorizing the value of each combination
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate(低估)a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing for example a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6 The underestimation was systematic When adding two numbers the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two and then added only a fraction(部分)of the smaller number to it
This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains Dr Livingstone says But in this experiment what they＇re doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one
32 What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them
A They fed them B They named them
C They trained them D They measured them
33 How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment
A By drawing a circle B By touching a screen
C By watching videos D By mixing two drinks
34 What did Livingstone＇s team find about the monkeys
A They could perform basic addition B They could understand simple words
C They could memorize numbers easily D They could hold their attention for long
35 In which section of a newspaper may this text appear
A Entertainment B Health C Education D Science
2022届高三英语二轮复 阅读专题训练 （说明文）
（2020·新课标ⅠC）答案
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running research shows while most likely contributing to fewer injuries It does however have its own problem
Race walkers are conditioned athletes The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50kilometer race walk which is about five miles longer than the marathon But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity however says Jaclyn Norberg an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem Mass
Like running race walking is physically demanding she says According to most calculations race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking although fewer than running which would probably burn about 1000 or more calories per hour
However race walking does not pound the body as much as running does Dr Norberg says According to her research runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step while race walkers who do not leave the ground create only about 14 times their body weight with each step
As a result she says some of the injuries associated with running such as runner’s knee are uncommon among race walkers But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport In fact anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique she says It takes some practice
28 Why are race walkers conditioned athletes
A They must run long distances
B They are qualified for the marathon
C They have to follow special rules
D They are good at swinging their legs
29 What advantage does race walking have over running
A It’s more popular at the Olympics
B It’s less challenging physically
C It’s more effective in body building
D It’s less likely to cause knee injuries
30 What is Dr Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking
A Getting experts’ opinions B Having a medical checkup
C Hiring an experienced coach D Doing regular exercises
31 Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking
A Skeptical B Objective C Tolerant D Conservative
答案28 C 29 D 30 A 31 B
二（2020·新课标ⅠD）
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research Recent studies have found positive effects A study conducted in YoungstownOhiofor example discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime In anotheremployees were shown to be 15 more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverseeven unusual functions These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day＂explained Michael Strano a professor of chemical engineering at MIT
One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for threeandahalf hours The lightabout onethousandth of the amount needed to read byis just a start The technology Strano said could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into selfpowered street lamps
in the futurethe team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a oneoff treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight
Lighting accounts for about 7 of the total electricity consumed in the US Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highwaya lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输)
Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy
32 What is the first paragraph mainly about
A A new study of different plants
B A big fall in crime rates
C Employees from various workplaces
D Benefits from green plants
33 What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer
A To detect plants’ lack of water
B To change compositions of plants
C To make the life of plants longer
D To test chemicals in plants
34 What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future
A They will speed up energy production
B They may transmit electricity to the home
C They might help reduce energy consumption
D They could take the place of power plants
35 Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A Can we grow more glowing plants
B How do we live with glowing plants
C Could glowing plants replace lamps
D How are glowing plants made pollutionfree
答案32 D 33 A 34 C 35 C
三（2020·新课标ⅢD）
We are the products of evolution and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago As scientists look deeper into our genes (基) they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes Cattle raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults
On Thursday in an article published in Cell a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation not to air or to food but to the ocean A group of seadwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers The Bajau as these people are known number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia Malaysia and the Philippines They have traditionally lived on houseboats in recent times they’ve also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters They are simply a stranger to the land said Redney C Jubilado a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau
Dr Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines They made a living as divers spearfishing or harvesting shellfish We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders Dr Jubilado said I could see them actually walking under the sea
In201 Melissa Ilardo then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen heard about the Bajau She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population said Dr Ilardo She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive
32 What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1
A Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers B New knowledge of human evolution
C Recent findings of human origin D Significance of food selection
33 Where do the Bajau build their houses
A In valleys B Near rivers C On the beach D Off the coast
34 Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau
A They could walk on stilts all day B They had a superb way of fishing
C They could stay long underwater D They lived on both land and water
35 What can be a suitable title for the text
A Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea B Highlanders’ Survival Skills
C Basic Methods of Genetic Research D The World’s Best Divers
答案32 B 33 D 34 C 35 A
四（2020·山东卷D）
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份) it＇s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits the researchers conducted two experiments In the first 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面)participate in a study about movie viewership Before the film began each woman was asked to help herself to a snack An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first In her natural state the actor weighed 105 pounds But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food The participants followed suit taking more food than they normally would have However they took significantly more when the actor was thin
For the second test in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls In the other case she took 30 pieces The results were similar to the first test the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we＇re making decisions If this fellow participant is going to eat more so will I Call it the I’ll have what she＇s having effect However we＇ll adjust the influence If an overweight person is having a large portion I＇ll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits But if a thin person eats a lot I＇ll follow suit If he can eat much and keep slim why can＇t I
12 What is the recent study mainly about
A Food safety B Movie viewership
C Consumer demand D Eating behavior
13 What does the underlined word beanpoles in paragraph 1 refer to
A Big eaters B Overweight persons
C Picky eaters D Tall thin persons
14 Why did the researchers hire the actor
A To see how she would affect the participants
B To test if the participants could recognize her
C To find out what she would do in the two tests
D To study why she could keep her weight down
15 On what basis do we adjust the influence according to the last paragraph
A How hungry we are B How slim we want to be
C How we perceive others D How we feel about the food
答案12 D 13 D 14 A 15 C
五（2020·浙江卷B）
The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue Washington generally don＇t flash the same length of green twice in a row especially at rush hour At 930am the full redyellowgreen signal cycle might be 140 seconds By 933am a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds Less traffic at 937am could push it down to 135 Just like the traffic itself the timing of the signals changes
That is by design Bellevue a fastgrowing city just east of Seattle uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US intersection(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions These lights known as adaptive signals have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home
Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed says Alex Stevanovic a researcher at Florida Atlantic University
For all of Bellevue’s success adaptive signals are not a cureall for jammed roadways Kevin Balke a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference It’s not going to fix everything but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities he says
In Bellevue the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches In the past there was often an automatic reaction to increased traffic just widen the roads says Mark Poch the Bellevue Transportation Department’s traffic engineering manager Now he hopes that other cities will consider making their streets run smarter instead of just making them bigger
25 What does the underlined word that in paragraph 2 refer to
A Increased length of green lights B Shortened traffic signal cycle
C Flexible timing of traffic signals D Smooth traffic flow on the road
26 What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals
A They work better on broad roads
B They should be used in other cities
C They have greatly reduced traffic on the road
D They are less helpful in cities seriously jammed
27 What can we learn from Bellevue’s success
A It is rewarding to try new things B The old methods still work today
C I pays to put theory into practice D The simplest way is the best way
答案25 C 26 D 27 A
六（2020·浙江卷C）
Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests Then for eight years the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests
Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激) demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status
This works just like physical exercise says Francisca Then who led the study After a long run you may feel like you’re in pain you may feel tired But it makes you fit After a long day at worksure you will feel tired but it can help your brain stay healthy
It＇s not just corporate jobs or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit Then points out A waiter’s job for example that requires multitasking teamwork and decisionmaking could be just as stimulating as any highlevel office work And running a family household requires highlevel planning and coordinating(协调) she says You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries
Of course our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasonsincluding other environmental influences or genetic factors Still continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help
28 Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests
A To assess their health status B To evaluate their work habits
C To analyze their personality D To measure their mental ability
29 How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4
A By using an expert’s words B By making a comparison
C By referring to another study D By introducing a concept
30 Which of the following is the best title for the text
A Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
答案28 D 29 B 30 C
七（2019·全国卷IC）
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common the market is growing for biometric (生物测量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private espaces At present these technologies are still expensive though
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a lowcost device(装置)that gets around this problem a smart keyboard This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user＇s typing and the time between key presses These patterns are unique to each person Thus the keyboard can determine people＇s identities and by extension whether they should be given access to the computer it＇s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right
It also doesn＇t require a new type of technology that people aren＇t already familiar with Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently
In a study describing the technology the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word touchfour times using the smart keyboard Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed with very low error rates The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive plasticlike parts The team hopes to make it to market in the near future
28 Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard
A To reduce pressure on keys B To improve accuracy in typing
C To replace the password system D To cut the cost of espace protection
29 What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible？
A Computers are much easier to operate
B Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast
C Typing patterns vary from person to person
D Data security measures are guaranteed
30 What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？all 1o soisgitieoco oll
A It＇ll be environmentfriendly B It＇ll reach consumers soon
C It＇ll be made of plastics D It＇ll help speed up typing
31 Where is this text most likely from
A A diary B A guidebook C A novel D A magazine
DCBD
八（2019·全国卷IIID）
Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 025 drops of water or juice as a reward The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward
Here＇s how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone who led the team described the experiment In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens On one part of the screen a symbol would appear and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown For example the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8 If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice if they went for the circle they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example
After running hundreds of tests the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time indicating that they were performing a calculation not just memorizing the value of each combination
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate(低估)a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing for example a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6 The underestimation was systematic When adding two numbers the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two and then added only a fraction(部分)of the smaller number to it
This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains Dr Livingstone says But in this experiment what they＇re doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one
32 What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them
A They fed them B They named them
C They trained them D They measured them
33 How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment
A By drawing a circle B By touching a screen
C By watching videos D By mixing two drinks
34 What did Livingstone＇s team find about the monkeys
A They could perform basic addition B They could understand simple words
C They could memorize numbers easily D They could hold their attention for long
35 In which section of a newspaper may this text appear
A Entertainment B Health C Education D Science
CBAD
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（2020·新课标ⅠC）
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running research shows while most likely contributing to fewer injuries It does however have its own problem
Race walkers are conditioned athletes The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50kilometer race walk which is about five miles longer than the marathon But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity however says Jaclyn Norberg an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem Mass
Like running race walking is physically demanding she says According to most calculations race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking although fewer than running which would probably burn about 1000 or more calories per hour
However race walking does not pound the body as much as running does Dr Norberg says According to her research runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step while race walkers who do not leave the ground create only about 14 times their body weight with each step
As a result she says some of the injuries associated with running such as runner’s knee are uncommon among race walkers But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport In fact anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique she says It takes some practice
28 Why are race walkers conditioned athletes
A They must run long distances
B They are qualified for the marathon
C They have to follow special rules
D They are good at swinging their legs
29 What advantage does race walking have over running
A It’s more popular at the Olympics
B It’s less challenging physically
C It’s more effective in body building
D It’s less likely to cause knee injuries
30 What is Dr Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking
A Getting experts’ opinions B Having a medical checkup
C Hiring an experienced coach D Doing regular exercises
31 Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking
A Skeptical B Objective C Tolerant D Conservative
二（2020·新课标ⅠD）
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research Recent studies have found positive effects A study conducted in YoungstownOhiofor example discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime In anotheremployees were shown to be 15 more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverseeven unusual functions These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day＂explained Michael Strano a professor of chemical engineering at MIT
One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for threeandahalf hours The lightabout onethousandth of the amount needed to read byis just a start The technology Strano said could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into selfpowered street lamps
in the futurethe team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a oneoff treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight
Lighting accounts for about 7 of the total electricity consumed in the US Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highwaya lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输)
Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy
32 What is the first paragraph mainly about
A A new study of different plants
B A big fall in crime rates
C Employees from various workplaces
D Benefits from green plants
33 What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer
A To detect plants’ lack of water
B To change compositions of plants
C To make the life of plants longer
D To test chemicals in plants
34 What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future
A They will speed up energy production
B They may transmit electricity to the home
C They might help reduce energy consumption
D They could take the place of power plants
35 Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A Can we grow more glowing plants
B How do we live with glowing plants
C Could glowing plants replace lamps
D How are glowing plants made pollutionfree
三（2020·新课标ⅢD）
We are the products of evolution and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago As scientists look deeper into our genes (基) they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes Cattle raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults
On Thursday in an article published in Cell a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation not to air or to food but to the ocean A group of seadwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers The Bajau as these people are known number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia Malaysia and the Philippines They have traditionally lived on houseboats in recent times they’ve also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters They are simply a stranger to the land said Redney C Jubilado a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau
Dr Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines They made a living as divers spearfishing or harvesting shellfish We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders Dr Jubilado said I could see them actually walking under the sea
In201 Melissa Ilardo then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen heard about the Bajau She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population said Dr Ilardo She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive
32 What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1
A Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers B New knowledge of human evolution
C Recent findings of human origin D Significance of food selection
33 Where do the Bajau build their houses
A In valleys B Near rivers C On the beach D Off the coast
34 Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau
A They could walk on stilts all day B They had a superb way of fishing
C They could stay long underwater D They lived on both land and water
35 What can be a suitable title for the text
A Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea B Highlanders’ Survival Skills
C Basic Methods of Genetic Research D The World’s Best Divers
四（2020·山东卷D）
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份) it＇s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits the researchers conducted two experiments In the first 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面)participate in a study about movie viewership Before the film began each woman was asked to help herself to a snack An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first In her natural state the actor weighed 105 pounds But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food The participants followed suit taking more food than they normally would have However they took significantly more when the actor was thin
For the second test in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls In the other case she took 30 pieces The results were similar to the first test the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we＇re making decisions If this fellow participant is going to eat more so will I Call it the I’ll have what she＇s having effect However we＇ll adjust the influence If an overweight person is having a large portion I＇ll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits But if a thin person eats a lot I＇ll follow suit If he can eat much and keep slim why can＇t I
12 What is the recent study mainly about
A Food safety B Movie viewership
C Consumer demand D Eating behavior
13 What does the underlined word beanpoles in paragraph 1 refer to
A Big eaters B Overweight persons
C Picky eaters D Tall thin persons
14 Why did the researchers hire the actor
A To see how she would affect the participants
B To test if the participants could recognize her
C To find out what she would do in the two tests
D To study why she could keep her weight down
15 On what basis do we adjust the influence according to the last paragraph
A How hungry we are B How slim we want to be
C How we perceive others D How we feel about the food
五（2020·浙江卷B）
The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue Washington generally don＇t flash the same length of green twice in a row especially at rush hour At 930am the full redyellowgreen signal cycle might be 140 seconds By 933am a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds Less traffic at 937am could push it down to 135 Just like the traffic itself the timing of the signals changes
That is by design Bellevue a fastgrowing city just east of Seattle uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US intersection(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions These lights known as adaptive signals have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home
Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed says Alex Stevanovic a researcher at Florida Atlantic University
For all of Bellevue’s success adaptive signals are not a cureall for jammed roadways Kevin Balke a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference It’s not going to fix everything but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities he says
In Bellevue the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches In the past there was often an automatic reaction to increased traffic just widen the roads says Mark Poch the Bellevue Transportation Department’s traffic engineering manager Now he hopes that other cities will consider making their streets run smarter instead of just making them bigger
25 What does the underlined word that in paragraph 2 refer to
A Increased length of green lights B Shortened traffic signal cycle
C Flexible timing of traffic signals D Smooth traffic flow on the road
26 What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals
A They work better on broad roads
B They should be used in other cities
C They have greatly reduced traffic on the road
D They are less helpful in cities seriously jammed
27 What can we learn from Bellevue’s success
A It is rewarding to try new things B The old methods still work today
C I pays to put theory into practice D The simplest way is the best way
六（2020·浙江卷C）
Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests Then for eight years the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests
Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激) demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status
This works just like physical exercise says Francisca Then who led the study After a long run you may feel like you’re in pain you may feel tired But it makes you fit After a long day at worksure you will feel tired but it can help your brain stay healthy
It＇s not just corporate jobs or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit Then points out A waiter’s job for example that requires multitasking teamwork and decisionmaking could be just as stimulating as any highlevel office work And running a family household requires highlevel planning and coordinating(协调) she says You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries
Of course our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasonsincluding other environmental influences or genetic factors Still continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help
28 Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests
A To assess their health status B To evaluate their work habits
C To analyze their personality D To measure their mental ability
29 How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4
A By using an expert’s words B By making a comparison
C By referring to another study D By introducing a concept
30 Which of the following is the best title for the text
A Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
七（2019·全国卷IC）
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common the market is growing for biometric (生物测量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private espaces At present these technologies are still expensive though
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a lowcost device(装置)that gets around this problem a smart keyboard This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user＇s typing and the time between key presses These patterns are unique to each person Thus the keyboard can determine people＇s identities and by extension whether they should be given access to the computer it＇s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right
It also doesn＇t require a new type of technology that people aren＇t already familiar with Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently
In a study describing the technology the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word touchfour times using the smart keyboard Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed with very low error rates The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive plasticlike parts The team hopes to make it to market in the near future
28 Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard
A To reduce pressure on keys B To improve accuracy in typing
C To replace the password system D To cut the cost of espace protection
29 What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible？
A Computers are much easier to operate
B Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast
C Typing patterns vary from person to person
D Data security measures are guaranteed
30 What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？all 1o soisgitieoco oll
A It＇ll be environmentfriendly B It＇ll reach consumers soon
C It＇ll be made of plastics D It＇ll help speed up typing
31 Where is this text most likely from
A A diary B A guidebook C A novel D A magazine
八（2019·全国卷IIID）
Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 025 drops of water or juice as a reward The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward
Here＇s how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone who led the team described the experiment In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens On one part of the screen a symbol would appear and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown For example the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8 If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice if they went for the circle they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example
After running hundreds of tests the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time indicating that they were performing a calculation not just memorizing the value of each combination
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate(低估)a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing for example a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6 The underestimation was systematic When adding two numbers the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two and then added only a fraction(部分)of the smaller number to it
This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains Dr Livingstone says But in this experiment what they＇re doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one
32 What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them
A They fed them B They named them
C They trained them D They measured them
33 How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment
A By drawing a circle B By touching a screen
C By watching videos D By mixing two drinks
34 What did Livingstone＇s team find about the monkeys
A They could perform basic addition B They could understand simple words
C They could memorize numbers easily D They could hold their attention for long
35 In which section of a newspaper may this text appear
A Entertainment B Health C Education D Science
2022届高三英语二轮复 阅读专题训练 （说明文）
（2020·新课标ⅠC）答案
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running research shows while most likely contributing to fewer injuries It does however have its own problem
Race walkers are conditioned athletes The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50kilometer race walk which is about five miles longer than the marathon But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity however says Jaclyn Norberg an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem Mass
Like running race walking is physically demanding she says According to most calculations race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking although fewer than running which would probably burn about 1000 or more calories per hour
However race walking does not pound the body as much as running does Dr Norberg says According to her research runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step while race walkers who do not leave the ground create only about 14 times their body weight with each step
As a result she says some of the injuries associated with running such as runner’s knee are uncommon among race walkers But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport In fact anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique she says It takes some practice
28 Why are race walkers conditioned athletes
A They must run long distances
B They are qualified for the marathon
C They have to follow special rules
D They are good at swinging their legs
29 What advantage does race walking have over running
A It’s more popular at the Olympics
B It’s less challenging physically
C It’s more effective in body building
D It’s less likely to cause knee injuries
30 What is Dr Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking
A Getting experts’ opinions B Having a medical checkup
C Hiring an experienced coach D Doing regular exercises
31 Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking
A Skeptical B Objective C Tolerant D Conservative
答案28 C 29 D 30 A 31 B
二（2020·新课标ⅠD）
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research Recent studies have found positive effects A study conducted in YoungstownOhiofor example discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime In anotheremployees were shown to be 15 more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverseeven unusual functions These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day＂explained Michael Strano a professor of chemical engineering at MIT
One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for threeandahalf hours The lightabout onethousandth of the amount needed to read byis just a start The technology Strano said could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into selfpowered street lamps
in the futurethe team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a oneoff treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight
Lighting accounts for about 7 of the total electricity consumed in the US Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highwaya lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输)
Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy
32 What is the first paragraph mainly about
A A new study of different plants
B A big fall in crime rates
C Employees from various workplaces
D Benefits from green plants
33 What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer
A To detect plants’ lack of water
B To change compositions of plants
C To make the life of plants longer
D To test chemicals in plants
34 What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future
A They will speed up energy production
B They may transmit electricity to the home
C They might help reduce energy consumption
D They could take the place of power plants
35 Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A Can we grow more glowing plants
B How do we live with glowing plants
C Could glowing plants replace lamps
D How are glowing plants made pollutionfree
答案32 D 33 A 34 C 35 C
三（2020·新课标ⅢD）
We are the products of evolution and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago As scientists look deeper into our genes (基) they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes Cattle raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults
On Thursday in an article published in Cell a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation not to air or to food but to the ocean A group of seadwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers The Bajau as these people are known number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia Malaysia and the Philippines They have traditionally lived on houseboats in recent times they’ve also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters They are simply a stranger to the land said Redney C Jubilado a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau
Dr Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines They made a living as divers spearfishing or harvesting shellfish We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders Dr Jubilado said I could see them actually walking under the sea
In201 Melissa Ilardo then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen heard about the Bajau She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population said Dr Ilardo She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive
32 What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1
A Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers B New knowledge of human evolution
C Recent findings of human origin D Significance of food selection
33 Where do the Bajau build their houses
A In valleys B Near rivers C On the beach D Off the coast
34 Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau
A They could walk on stilts all day B They had a superb way of fishing
C They could stay long underwater D They lived on both land and water
35 What can be a suitable title for the text
A Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea B Highlanders’ Survival Skills
C Basic Methods of Genetic Research D The World’s Best Divers
答案32 B 33 D 34 C 35 A
四（2020·山东卷D）
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份) it＇s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits the researchers conducted two experiments In the first 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面)participate in a study about movie viewership Before the film began each woman was asked to help herself to a snack An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first In her natural state the actor weighed 105 pounds But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food The participants followed suit taking more food than they normally would have However they took significantly more when the actor was thin
For the second test in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls In the other case she took 30 pieces The results were similar to the first test the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we＇re making decisions If this fellow participant is going to eat more so will I Call it the I’ll have what she＇s having effect However we＇ll adjust the influence If an overweight person is having a large portion I＇ll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits But if a thin person eats a lot I＇ll follow suit If he can eat much and keep slim why can＇t I
12 What is the recent study mainly about
A Food safety B Movie viewership
C Consumer demand D Eating behavior
13 What does the underlined word beanpoles in paragraph 1 refer to
A Big eaters B Overweight persons
C Picky eaters D Tall thin persons
14 Why did the researchers hire the actor
A To see how she would affect the participants
B To test if the participants could recognize her
C To find out what she would do in the two tests
D To study why she could keep her weight down
15 On what basis do we adjust the influence according to the last paragraph
A How hungry we are B How slim we want to be
C How we perceive others D How we feel about the food
答案12 D 13 D 14 A 15 C
五（2020·浙江卷B）
The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue Washington generally don＇t flash the same length of green twice in a row especially at rush hour At 930am the full redyellowgreen signal cycle might be 140 seconds By 933am a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds Less traffic at 937am could push it down to 135 Just like the traffic itself the timing of the signals changes
That is by design Bellevue a fastgrowing city just east of Seattle uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US intersection(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions These lights known as adaptive signals have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home
Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed says Alex Stevanovic a researcher at Florida Atlantic University
For all of Bellevue’s success adaptive signals are not a cureall for jammed roadways Kevin Balke a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference It’s not going to fix everything but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities he says
In Bellevue the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches In the past there was often an automatic reaction to increased traffic just widen the roads says Mark Poch the Bellevue Transportation Department’s traffic engineering manager Now he hopes that other cities will consider making their streets run smarter instead of just making them bigger
25 What does the underlined word that in paragraph 2 refer to
A Increased length of green lights B Shortened traffic signal cycle
C Flexible timing of traffic signals D Smooth traffic flow on the road
26 What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals
A They work better on broad roads
B They should be used in other cities
C They have greatly reduced traffic on the road
D They are less helpful in cities seriously jammed
27 What can we learn from Bellevue’s success
A It is rewarding to try new things B The old methods still work today
C I pays to put theory into practice D The simplest way is the best way
答案25 C 26 D 27 A
六（2020·浙江卷C）
Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests Then for eight years the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests
Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激) demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status
This works just like physical exercise says Francisca Then who led the study After a long run you may feel like you’re in pain you may feel tired But it makes you fit After a long day at worksure you will feel tired but it can help your brain stay healthy
It＇s not just corporate jobs or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit Then points out A waiter’s job for example that requires multitasking teamwork and decisionmaking could be just as stimulating as any highlevel office work And running a family household requires highlevel planning and coordinating(协调) she says You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries
Of course our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasonsincluding other environmental influences or genetic factors Still continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help
28 Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests
A To assess their health status B To evaluate their work habits
C To analyze their personality D To measure their mental ability
29 How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4
A By using an expert’s words B By making a comparison
C By referring to another study D By introducing a concept
30 Which of the following is the best title for the text
A Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
答案28 D 29 B 30 C
七（2019·全国卷IC）
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common the market is growing for biometric (生物测量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private espaces At present these technologies are still expensive though
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a lowcost device(装置)that gets around this problem a smart keyboard This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user＇s typing and the time between key presses These patterns are unique to each person Thus the keyboard can determine people＇s identities and by extension whether they should be given access to the computer it＇s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right
It also doesn＇t require a new type of technology that people aren＇t already familiar with Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently
In a study describing the technology the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word touchfour times using the smart keyboard Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed with very low error rates The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive plasticlike parts The team hopes to make it to market in the near future
28 Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard
A To reduce pressure on keys B To improve accuracy in typing
C To replace the password system D To cut the cost of espace protection
29 What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible？
A Computers are much easier to operate
B Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast
C Typing patterns vary from person to person
D Data security measures are guaranteed
30 What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？all 1o soisgitieoco oll
A It＇ll be environmentfriendly B It＇ll reach consumers soon
C It＇ll be made of plastics D It＇ll help speed up typing
31 Where is this text most likely from
A A diary B A guidebook C A novel D A magazine
DCBD
八（2019·全国卷IIID）
Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 025 drops of water or juice as a reward The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward
Here＇s how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone who led the team described the experiment In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens On one part of the screen a symbol would appear and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown For example the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8 If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice if they went for the circle they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example
After running hundreds of tests the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time indicating that they were performing a calculation not just memorizing the value of each combination
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate(低估)a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing for example a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6 The underestimation was systematic When adding two numbers the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two and then added only a fraction(部分)of the smaller number to it
This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains Dr Livingstone says But in this experiment what they＇re doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one
32 What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them
A They fed them B They named them
C They trained them D They measured them
33 How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment
A By drawing a circle B By touching a screen
C By watching videos D By mixing two drinks
34 What did Livingstone＇s team find about the monkeys
A They could perform basic addition B They could understand simple words
C They could memorize numbers easily D They could hold their attention for long
35 In which section of a newspaper may this text appear
A Entertainment B Health C Education D Science
CBAD
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