考点08 构词法
高考频度：★★★★★
许英语单词构成定规律种规律称构词法掌握构词法知识更理解词义认识新词扩词汇量重意义英语中构词法派生法（Derivation）合成法（Composition）转换法（Conversion）三类
构词法 派生法
词词根（root）前面面加某词缀（affix）产生新词种构词法称派生法（derivation）词缀法（affixation）加前面词缀前缀（prefix）加面词缀缀（suffix）般情况前缀改变词根词义改变词根词性缀改变词根词性涉意义变化部分前缀缀固定意义许派生词词义通词根词缀意思推知
1形容词变副词缀
形容词加－ly变成相应意义副词
直接加－ly
extreme → extremely尤非常
stupid → stupidly 傻
改y－ily
happy → happily快乐
merry → merrily 快乐
e加－ly
true真 → truly真
2形容词变名词缀
缀
例词
－age
short → shortage足短缺
－cy
efficient → efficiency效率功效
accurate → accuracy准确性
－dom
free → freedom
wise → wisdom明智智慧
－ence
different → difference差异
silent → silence沉默
－ness
weak → weakness虚弱弱点
careless → carelessness粗心意
－th
strong → strength力气强项
wide → width宽
－y
－ty
－ity
disable → disability残疾
responsible → responsibility责
3动词变名词缀
缀
例词
－al
approve → approval赞成批准
arrive → arrival
－ance
appear → appearance出现外貌
perform → performance表演节目
－ence
exist → existence存生存
refer → reference参考查阅
－ion
construct → construction建设
evaluate → evaluation评估
－ation
consider → consideration考虑
imagine → imagination想象力
－(s)sion
discuss → discussion讨辩
admit → admission接纳准许入学
－ing
hear → hearing听力听觉begin → beginning开始
－ment
argue → argument辩
equip → equipment设备
－ure
fail → failure失败没做
press → pressure压力
－ture
mix → mixture混合混合物
depart → departure离开出发
－y
recover → recovery恢复痊愈
discover → discovery发现
vary → variety样化种类
tend → tendency趋趋势
4表示＂＂缀
某形容词名词动词面加缀变成具某种职业动作常见表示＂＂缀：
缀
例词
－er
village → villager村民
strange → stranger陌生
－ar
lie → liar说谎者
－ee
employ → employee受雇者雇员
interview → interviewee面试者
－or
invent → inventor发明家
educate → educator教育家教师
－ess
steward → stewardess 女务员
host → hostess 女女持
－ese
China → Chinese中国
Japan → Japanese日
－an
America → American美国
Australia → Australian澳洲
－ian
history → historian历史学家
politics → politician政治家政客
－ist
special → specialist专家
tour → tourist旅行者观光者
－ant
participate → participant参加者
assist → assistant助手图书理员
5动词名词变形容词常见缀
缀
例词
－able
accept → acceptable接受
comfort → comfortable舒适
－al
person → personal私
nature → natural然天生
－ful
hope → hopeful希
peace → peaceful
－ed
confuse → confused感困惑
bore → bored感厌倦
－ing
surprise → surprising令惊讶
convince → convincing令信服
－ible
access → accessible容易达容易取
horror → horrible怕恐怖
－ive
effect → effective效生效
instruct → instructive教育意义
－ous
anxiety → anxious忧虑
curiosity → curious奇
－some
tire → tiresome令厌倦
trouble → troublesome麻烦
－y
taste → tasty美味口
wealth → wealthy富裕丰富
dirt → dirty灰尘脏
－ern
east → eastern东方东
west → western西方西
－ish
fool → foolish愚蠢笑
self → selfish私
－ic
science → scientific科学
history → historic历史著名
－ary
imagine → imaginary想象中
6表示否定相反意义前缀缀
前缀
例词
dis－
advantage → disadvantage缺点
comfort → discomfort舒适
il－
legal → illegal合法
logical → illogical合逻辑
im－
patient → impatient耐烦
moral → immoral道德
in－
formal → informal非正式
convenient → inconvenient方便
ir－
regular → irregular规
responsible → irresponsible负责
mis－
lead → mislead误导
understand → misunderstand误解
un－
willing → unwilling愿意
happy → unhappy高兴
缀
例词
－less
hope → hopeless绝
care → careless粗心
7变动词前缀缀
前缀
例词
en－
large → enlarge扩
rich → enrich充实丰富
缀
例词
－en
broad → broaden变宽
hard → harden变硬
－ify
class → classify……分类
beauty → beautify美化
－ize
apology → apologize道歉
emphasis → emphasize强调
1 (2019年新课标卷I·语法填空) Scientists have responded by noting (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are ___68___ (high) than they actually are
答案higher
解析根than they actually are知处形容词较级填higher
2 (2019年新课标卷I·语法填空) It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been ___62___ (poor) studied however biologists calculate that there are about 2000025000 polar bears worldwide
答案poorly
解析根句意结构分析知处副词poorly修饰谓语动词has been studied意研究少填poorly
3 (2018年新课标卷I·语法填空) According to a review of evidence in a medical journal runners live three years ___61___(long) than nonrunners
答案longer
解析句意：医学报告显示：常跑步跑步活3年根than知较级填longer
4(2018年新课标卷I·语法填空)The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do But otherwise it＇s probably running To avoid knee pain you can run on soft surfaces do exercises to___68___(strength)your leg muscles(肌肉)avoid hills and get good running shoes Running is cheap easy and it＇s always___69___(energy)
答案68 strengthen 69 energetic
解析68 考查词形转化锻炼增强腿肌肉处to定式符合动词原形填strengthen69 考查词形转化跑步总充满活力根it’s知系动词形容词作表语填energetic
5 (2018年新课标卷II·语法填空)A taste for meat is ___63___ (actual) behind the change An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens pigs and cattle
答案actually
解析句意：肉需求实际种变化背原句子结构完整副词修饰句子填actually
构词法二 转化法
词形变情况单词种词性转换成种词性没加词缀种构词方法称转换法转换法种类数量名词转化动词动词转化名词两类转换词义转换前词义通常密切联系时差异
动词 → 名词
walk → take a walk散步
swim → have a swim游泳
名词 → 动词
book n → v预订
milk n → v挤奶
形容词 → 动词
slow adj → v减慢
narrow adj → v变窄(差距等)缩
形容词↔副词
hard adj困难↔adv努力
high adj高↔adv高
deep adj深↔adv深
wide adj宽↔adv广阔
构词法三 合成法
两两词素放起种构词法称合成法合成词通常两两词素构成词性常见包括：名词合成词形容词合成词动词合成词间连字符连接直接连接起
1合成名词
构成方式
例词
名词＋名词
weekend周末
名词＋动词
daybreak黎明
名词＋动名词
handwriting书法
名词＋物动词＋er／or
painkiller止痛药
名词＋介词＋名词
sisterinlaw嫂子
代词＋名词
shewolf母狼hegoat
动词＋名词
typewriter字机
动名词＋名词
readingroom阅览室
现分词＋名词
flyingfish飞鱼
形容词＋名词
freshman新生
副词＋动词
outlook景色风光
介词＋名词
afterbrain脑
2合成形容词
构成方式
例词
名词＋形容词
bloodred血红
名词＋现分词
Frenchspeaking讲法语
名词＋to＋名词
onetoone
名词＋分词
manmade造
数词＋名词
oneway单行道
数词＋名词＋形容词
threeyearold三岁
数词＋名词＋ed
tenstoreyed十层
动词＋副词
oneoff 次性
形容词＋名词
highquality高质量
形容词＋名词＋ed
nobleminded高尚
形容词＋形容词
lightgreen浅绿色
形容词＋现分词
ordinarylooking相貌般
副词＋形容词
evergreen常青
副词＋现分词
hardworking辛勤
副词＋分词
wellknown著名
副词＋名词
fastfood提供快餐
介词＋名词
indoor室
3合成动词
构成方式
例词
名词＋动词
sleepwalk梦游
形容词＋动词
whitewash粉刷
副词＋动词
overwhelm压倒制服
4合成副词
构成方式
例词
形容词＋名词
hotfoot匆忙
形容词＋副词
everywhere处
副词＋副词
however
介词＋名词
beforehand事先
介词＋副词
forever永远
5合成代词
构成方式
例词
代词宾格＋self
herself themselves
物代词＋self
myself
形容词＋名词
anything 切
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高考频度：★★★★★
许英语单词构成定规律种规律称构词法掌握构词法知识更理解词义认识新词扩词汇量重意义英语中构词法派生法（Derivation）合成法（Composition）转换法（Conversion）三类
构词法 派生法
词词根（root）前面面加某词缀（affix）产生新词种构词法称派生法（derivation）词缀法（affixation）加前面词缀前缀（prefix）加面词缀缀（suffix）般情况前缀改变词根词义改变词根词性缀改变词根词性涉意义变化部分前缀缀固定意义许派生词词义通词根词缀意思推知
1形容词变副词缀
形容词加－ly变成相应意义副词
直接加－ly
extreme → extremely尤非常
stupid → stupidly 傻
改y－ily
happy → happily快乐
merry → merrily 快乐
e加－ly
true真 → truly真
2形容词变名词缀
缀
例词
－age
short → shortage足短缺
－cy
efficient → efficiency效率功效
accurate → accuracy准确性
－dom
free → freedom
wise → wisdom明智智慧
－ence
different → difference差异
silent → silence沉默
－ness
weak → weakness虚弱弱点
careless → carelessness粗心意
－th
strong → strength力气强项
wide → width宽
－y
－ty
－ity
disable → disability残疾
responsible → responsibility责
3动词变名词缀
缀
例词
－al
approve → approval赞成批准
arrive → arrival
－ance
appear → appearance出现外貌
perform → performance表演节目
－ence
exist → existence存生存
refer → reference参考查阅
－ion
construct → construction建设
evaluate → evaluation评估
－ation
consider → consideration考虑
imagine → imagination想象力
－(s)sion
discuss → discussion讨辩
admit → admission接纳准许入学
－ing
hear → hearing听力听觉begin → beginning开始
－ment
argue → argument辩
equip → equipment设备
－ure
fail → failure失败没做
press → pressure压力
－ture
mix → mixture混合混合物
depart → departure离开出发
－y
recover → recovery恢复痊愈
discover → discovery发现
vary → variety样化种类
tend → tendency趋趋势
4表示＂＂缀
某形容词名词动词面加缀变成具某种职业动作常见表示＂＂缀：
缀
例词
－er
village → villager村民
strange → stranger陌生
－ar
lie → liar说谎者
－ee
employ → employee受雇者雇员
interview → interviewee面试者
－or
invent → inventor发明家
educate → educator教育家教师
－ess
steward → stewardess 女务员
host → hostess 女女持
－ese
China → Chinese中国
Japan → Japanese日
－an
America → American美国
Australia → Australian澳洲
－ian
history → historian历史学家
politics → politician政治家政客
－ist
special → specialist专家
tour → tourist旅行者观光者
－ant
participate → participant参加者
assist → assistant助手图书理员
5动词名词变形容词常见缀
缀
例词
－able
accept → acceptable接受
comfort → comfortable舒适
－al
person → personal私
nature → natural然天生
－ful
hope → hopeful希
peace → peaceful
－ed
confuse → confused感困惑
bore → bored感厌倦
－ing
surprise → surprising令惊讶
convince → convincing令信服
－ible
access → accessible容易达容易取
horror → horrible怕恐怖
－ive
effect → effective效生效
instruct → instructive教育意义
－ous
anxiety → anxious忧虑
curiosity → curious奇
－some
tire → tiresome令厌倦
trouble → troublesome麻烦
－y
taste → tasty美味口
wealth → wealthy富裕丰富
dirt → dirty灰尘脏
－ern
east → eastern东方东
west → western西方西
－ish
fool → foolish愚蠢笑
self → selfish私
－ic
science → scientific科学
history → historic历史著名
－ary
imagine → imaginary想象中
6表示否定相反意义前缀缀
前缀
例词
dis－
advantage → disadvantage缺点
comfort → discomfort舒适
il－
legal → illegal合法
logical → illogical合逻辑
im－
patient → impatient耐烦
moral → immoral道德
in－
formal → informal非正式
convenient → inconvenient方便
ir－
regular → irregular规
responsible → irresponsible负责
mis－
lead → mislead误导
understand → misunderstand误解
un－
willing → unwilling愿意
happy → unhappy高兴
缀
例词
－less
hope → hopeless绝
care → careless粗心
7变动词前缀缀
前缀
例词
en－
large → enlarge扩
rich → enrich充实丰富
缀
例词
－en
broad → broaden变宽
hard → harden变硬
－ify
class → classify……分类
beauty → beautify美化
－ize
apology → apologize道歉
emphasis → emphasize强调
1 (2019年新课标卷I·语法填空) Scientists have responded by noting (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are ___68___ (high) than they actually are
答案higher
解析根than they actually are知处形容词较级填higher
2 (2019年新课标卷I·语法填空) It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been ___62___ (poor) studied however biologists calculate that there are about 2000025000 polar bears worldwide
答案poorly
解析根句意结构分析知处副词poorly修饰谓语动词has been studied意研究少填poorly
3 (2018年新课标卷I·语法填空) According to a review of evidence in a medical journal runners live three years ___61___(long) than nonrunners
答案longer
解析句意：医学报告显示：常跑步跑步活3年根than知较级填longer
4(2018年新课标卷I·语法填空)The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do But otherwise it＇s probably running To avoid knee pain you can run on soft surfaces do exercises to___68___(strength)your leg muscles(肌肉)avoid hills and get good running shoes Running is cheap easy and it＇s always___69___(energy)
答案68 strengthen 69 energetic
解析68 考查词形转化锻炼增强腿肌肉处to定式符合动词原形填strengthen69 考查词形转化跑步总充满活力根it’s知系动词形容词作表语填energetic
5 (2018年新课标卷II·语法填空)A taste for meat is ___63___ (actual) behind the change An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens pigs and cattle
答案actually
解析句意：肉需求实际种变化背原句子结构完整副词修饰句子填actually
构词法二 转化法
词形变情况单词种词性转换成种词性没加词缀种构词方法称转换法转换法种类数量名词转化动词动词转化名词两类转换词义转换前词义通常密切联系时差异
动词 → 名词
walk → take a walk散步
swim → have a swim游泳
名词 → 动词
book n → v预订
milk n → v挤奶
形容词 → 动词
slow adj → v减慢
narrow adj → v变窄(差距等)缩
形容词↔副词
hard adj困难↔adv努力
high adj高↔adv高
deep adj深↔adv深
wide adj宽↔adv广阔
构词法三 合成法
两两词素放起种构词法称合成法合成词通常两两词素构成词性常见包括：名词合成词形容词合成词动词合成词间连字符连接直接连接起
1合成名词
构成方式
例词
名词＋名词
weekend周末
名词＋动词
daybreak黎明
名词＋动名词
handwriting书法
名词＋物动词＋er／or
painkiller止痛药
名词＋介词＋名词
sisterinlaw嫂子
代词＋名词
shewolf母狼hegoat
动词＋名词
typewriter字机
动名词＋名词
readingroom阅览室
现分词＋名词
flyingfish飞鱼
形容词＋名词
freshman新生
副词＋动词
outlook景色风光
介词＋名词
afterbrain脑
2合成形容词
构成方式
例词
名词＋形容词
bloodred血红
名词＋现分词
Frenchspeaking讲法语
名词＋to＋名词
onetoone
名词＋分词
manmade造
数词＋名词
oneway单行道
数词＋名词＋形容词
threeyearold三岁
数词＋名词＋ed
tenstoreyed十层
动词＋副词
oneoff 次性
形容词＋名词
highquality高质量
形容词＋名词＋ed
nobleminded高尚
形容词＋形容词
lightgreen浅绿色
形容词＋现分词
ordinarylooking相貌般
副词＋形容词
evergreen常青
副词＋现分词
hardworking辛勤
副词＋分词
wellknown著名
副词＋名词
fastfood提供快餐
介词＋名词
indoor室
3合成动词
构成方式
例词
名词＋动词
sleepwalk梦游
形容词＋动词
whitewash粉刷
副词＋动词
overwhelm压倒制服
4合成副词
构成方式
例词
形容词＋名词
hotfoot匆忙
形容词＋副词
everywhere处
副词＋副词
however
介词＋名词
beforehand事先
介词＋副词
forever永远
5合成代词
构成方式
例词
代词宾格＋self
herself themselves
物代词＋self
myself
形容词＋名词
anything 切
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《香当网》用户分享的内容，不代表《香当网》观点或立场，请自行判断内容的真实性和可靠性！
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