TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2011)
GRADE EIGHT TIME LIMIT 195 MIN
PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION
SECTION A MINILECTURE
In this section you will hear a minilecture You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY While listening take notes on the important points Your notes will not be marked but you will need them to complete a gapfilling task after the minilecture When the lecture is over you will be given two minutes to check your notes and another ten minutes to complete the gapfilling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE Some of the gaps may require a maximum of THREE words Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable You may refer to your notes while completing the task Use the blank sheet for notetaking
Now listen to the minilecture
Classifications of Cultures
According to Edward Hall different cultures result in different ideas about the world Hall is an anthropologist He is interested in relations between cultures
I Highcontext culture
A feature
context more important than the message
meaning (1)__________
ie more attention paid to (2) ___________ than to the message itself
B examples
personal space
preference for (3)__________
less respect for privacy personal space
attention to (4)___________
concept of time
belief in (5)____________ interpretation of time
no concern for punctuality
no control over time
II Lowcontext culture
A feature
message separate from context
meaning (6)___________
B examples
personal space
desire respect for individuality privacy
less attention to body language
more concern for (7)___________
attitude toward time
concept of time (8)____________
dislike of (9)_____________
time seen as commodity
III Conclusion
Awareness of different cultural assumptions
relevance in work and life
eg business negotiation etc
(10)_____________ in successful communication
参考答案：
(1) context of message
(2) what＇s happening the context
(3) closeness to people
(4) body language
(5) polychronic
(6) message itself
(7) the message
(8) monochronic
(9) lateness
(10) great influence significance
TIPS：
(1) 根原文中句A highcontext culture is a culture in which the context of the message or the action or an event carries a large part of its meaning and significance知答案
(2) 根原文What this means is that in a highcontext culture more attention is paid to what＇s happening in and around the message than to the message itself知答案
(3) 根原文Generally speaking in a highcontext culture because this greater dependency on group thinking people lean towards heavier sense of involvement or closeness to people出答案
(4) 根原文And also people from a highcontext culture pay attention to body language出答案
(5) 根原文People in highcontext cultures are considered to have what is called a polychronic attitude toward time出答案
(6) 根原文A lowcontext culture is one in which the message the event or the action is a separate entity having meaning onto itself regardless of the surroundings or the context出答案
(7) 根原文And you＇ll also see that people might pay less attention to body language because as I said the message is the message is everything出答案
(8) 原文提lowcontext culture中时间态度称monochronic
(9) 根原文People in a lowcontext culture would be much more upset with lateness because they feel that everyone should follow the same time出答案
(10) 根文章末尾部分If you＇re in business negotiations interpersonal relations if you＇re dealing with people from different cultures in any way it＇s going to affect every part of your life In any multicultural situation these assumptions need to be taken into account for successful interactions知商务活动谈判际交中文化交道时想法成功交际起着非常重作
script
Classifications of Cultures
Good morning everyone Today we＇ll look at culture or rather classifications of cultures Usually when we deal with different people we deal with them as if we were all members of the same culture However it＇s possible that people from different cultures have different assumptions about the world We got in such important and basic ideas as time personal space And this is the view of Edward Hall And Edward Hall is an anthropologist who spent a large part of his life studying American Indians their culture their language But he was different from a lot of other anthropologists who just study one culture He was interested in the relations between cultures how cultures interact What Hall believes is that cultures can be classified by placing them on a continuum ranging from what he called highcontext to lowcontext
OK what is a highcontext culture A highcontext culture is a culture in which the context of the message or the action or an event carries a large part of its meaning and significance What this means is that in a highcontext culture more attention is paid to what＇s happening in and around the message than to the message itself
Now let me give you examples First in terms of personal space Generally speaking in a highcontext culture because this greater dependency on group thinking people lean towards heavier sense of involvement or closeness to people And they have less respect for privacy for personal space If you go into that culture people might stand closer when they＇re talking to you They might touch more And if they＇re jostled in a crowd they won＇t feel violated And also people from a highcontext culture pay attention to body language Because remember what I said the definition of a highcontext culture is that more attention is paid to the context of the message than to the message itself And part of the context is body language
Second in terms of time People in highcontext cultures are considered to have what is called a polychronic attitude toward time Here poly means multiple and chronic means time What this means is that they believe people things events have their own time And there can＇t be a standard system of time for everything What this leads them to believe is that you can＇t emphasize punctuality Things happen when they are supposed to happen So there＇s a different attitude toward time there＇s no set standard of time you can＇t control time everything has its own sense of time So it＇s a culture that pays little attention to time to clock time
Now let＇s move on to lowcontext culture A lowcontext culture is just the opposite A lowcontext culture is one in which the message the event or the action is a separate entity having meaning onto itself regardless of the surroundings or the context That the message the event the action has meaning in itself So what this means in a lowcontext culture is that people pay more attention to the event itself rather than to the context which surrounds the event or the message For example in terms of personal space again there＇s more emphasis on individuality So the concept of privacy is very very important Whereas before as I said in a highcontext culture they might not even be concerned with privacy or personal space But in a lowcontext culture there＇s a feeling that we each have our own personal space If you get too close if you don＇t knock on doors before entering that＇s an invasion of privacy People feel violated There＇s a respect and a desire for privacy And you＇ll also see that people might pay less attention to body language because as I said the message is the message is everything They are not going to worry about all the details around it What you say is the important thing or what you do is the important thing
Another example of a lowcontext culture is people＇s attitude towards time In terms of time I said before there was a polychronic sense of time in a highcontext culture What do you think there would be in a lowcontext culture Monochronic Right A monochronic sense of time and by that we mean that there＇s one time And that concept means that people in a lowcontext culture believe that there＇s one standard of time And that should be for everything And so I am not willing to hear Oh the traffic was heavy That＇s why I＇m late or Oh I slept late People in a lowcontext culture would be much more upset with lateness because they feel that everyone should follow the same time There shouldn＇t be all this flexibility with time and they expect punctuality And they look at time as almost a commodity that they use expressions like use time to waste time to spend time or time is money All of these expressions reinforce the concept that time is actually something you can hold on to
So what this is all about is that Hall stresses that people need to be aware of these different assumptions or concepts about reality And he thinks that this has all kinds of relevance no matter what you＇re doing If you＇re in business negotiations interpersonal relations if you＇re dealing with people from different cultures in any way it＇s going to affect every part of your life In any multicultural situation these assumptions need to be taken into account for successful interactions
OK today we＇ve taken a brief look at Edward Hall＇s view of culture mainly his classification of high or lowcontext culture with some examples Next week we＇ll look at some more examples of cultures on a continuum between highcontext and lowcontext cultures
SECTION B INTERVIEWCONVERSATIONIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow Mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO
Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions
Now listen to the interview
1 According to Dr Harley what makes language learning more difficult after a certain age
A Differences between two languages
B Declining capacity to learn syntax
C Lack of time available
D Absence of motivation
参考答案： B
TIP：答案选BHarley博士提研究表明语言特句法方面学12岁更难
2 What does the example of Czech speakers show
A It＇s natural for language learners to make errors
B Differences between languages cause difficulty
C There exist differences between English and Czech
D Difficulty stems from either difference or similarity
参考答案： D
TIP：答案选DHarley博士提研究发现学英语捷克会相捷克语英语句法犯错证明语言学者困难相似性
3 Which of the following methods does NOT advocate speaking
A The traditional method
B The audiolingual method
C The immersion method
D The direct method
参考答案： A
TIP：答案选A三种方法求强调口语传统方法强调语法教学
4 Which hypothesis deals with the role of language knowledge in the learning process
A The acquisition and learning distinction hypothesis
B The comprehensible input hypothesis
C The monitor hypothesis
D The active filter hypothesis
参考答案： C
TIP：答案选CHarley博士解释monitor hypothesis时提monitor会语法规电台持确认否意味着学者运语言知识确保说写正确误Harley博士回答肯定
5 Which of the following topics is NOT discussed during the interview
A Causes of language learning difficulties
B Differences between mother tongue and a second language
C Theoretical conceptualization of second language learning
D Pedagogical implementation of second language teaching
参考答案： B
TIP：答案选B三项话中均提D项没提
script
Woman Good morning Dr Harley Thank you very much for coming on our radio talk We know that you＇re an applied linguist specializing in second language acquisition
Dr Harley Right
Woman So today um we＇ll look at this issue Now first Dr Harley could you please tell us what is second language acquisition
Dr Harley Well second language acquisition is happens when a child or adult has already become competent at a language And then um they attempt to learn another
Woman OK most people think including me it is difficult to learn another language What are the reasons Why is it so
Dr Harley Well there are a number of reasons for this Huh first there have been research studies They have shown that some aspects of language learning especially syntax are more difficult beyond a certain age say after around 12 years of age
Woman So age plays an important role in language learning
Dr Harley Yes But that＇s not the only reason
Woman Oh is that so
Dr Harley Yes for example huh time and interest All children and adults often have less time and motivation to learn a second language
Woman Mm …
Dr Harley Another is related to the similarities and differences between one＇s mother tongue and a second language We find the learners will experience difficulty when their mother tongue and the second language they＇re learning differ In general the more idiosyncratic a feature is in a particular language relative to other languages the more difficult it will be to acquire
Woman Perhaps this is the key issue Differences between languages cause language learning problems
Dr Harley Well this may be one of the issues here But this cannot be the whole story as not all differences between languages cause difficulty Let me give you an example
Woman OK
Dr Harley Research has found that many errors by Czech speakers learning English were made on syntactic constructions in which the two languages do not differ
Woman Oh really The picture is more complicated than we＇ve imagined
Dr Harley Definitely yes Each language learning situation is different So reasons vary a lot from case to case
Woman Now Dr Harley since learning a second language is a difficult process you know in one way or another are there any methods so far effective methods to teach a second language
Dr Harley There again no method is absolutely effective in all situations Some may prove effective others may not I mean all depending on specific conditions But generally speaking there are a number of methods that have been used to teach a second language
Woman Could you mention a few
Dr Harley For instance there＇s the traditional method This method is based on translation from one language to another And it emphasizes grammar teaching And then you have direct methods which focuses on conversational skills and all teaching must be carried out in the second language
Woman Oh I see Any other methods
Dr Harley Yes for example the audiolingual method This method emphasizes speaking and listening before reading and writing
Woman How interesting
Dr Harley Then you have the immersion method This method teaches learners exclusively through the medium of the second language
Woman How
Dr Harley Well it simply means that you cannot speak mother tongue Everything must be done in the language you＇re learning To me the most natural method of learning a new language is what I call submersion That is to go to that country and be surrounded exclusively by speakers of that language
Woman Thank you very much Dr Harley for introducing some of the language teaching methods Now let＇s move on to something a bit theoretical Since second language acquisition and teaching are a fascinating area for researchers are there any theories to explain second language acquisition
Dr Harley Yes many theories and models have been put forward by researchers so far Today I＇d like to mention the five hypotheses proposed by Steven Krashen
Woman OK
Dr Harley The five hypotheses form what he calls the Monitor Model of second language learning
Woman What does it mean
Dr Harley OK the first hypothesis is the Acquisition and Learning Distinction Hypothesis According to Krashen children acquire their first language largely unconsciously and automatically But adults could only learn a second language consciously and effortfully And adults could indeed acquire the second language at least in part
Woman Right Then what＇s his second hypothesis
Dr Harley His second hypothesis is the Natural Order in Acquisition Hypothesis Basically he means that the ordering which learners acquire syntactic rules is the same in both languages
Woman Oh that＇s something really new to me
Dr Harley The third hypothesis is the Monitor Hypothesis which is central to his theory Here again we come across the distinction between acquisition and learning According to this hypothesis the acquisition processes create sentences in the second language right But learning enables the development of a monitoring process to check and edit this output The monitor uses knowledge of the rules That＇s why as I said just now learning is a conscious process
Woman This means in learning you use knowledge of the language to make sure what you say or write is correct Is that so
Dr Harley Yes His fourth hypothesis is the Comprehensible Input Hypothesis In order to move form one stage to the next the learner must understand the meaning and the form of the input This emphasizes the role of comprehension And finally the Active Filter Hypothesis This suggests attitude and emotional factors are also important in second language acquisition
Woman I guess Krashen＇s model has provided a useful framework for second language learning
Dr Harley Yes it indeed has And it has also proved to be one of the most influential theoretical approaches to teaching a second language
Woman OK Dr Harley thank you once again for talking to us about second language acquisition
Dr Harley Pleasure
SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow Mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO
Question 6 is based on the following news At the end of the news item you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question
Now listen to the news
6 Which of the following statements is INCORRECT
A Greyhound is Britain＇s largest bus and train operator
B Currently Greyhound routes in Britain are limited
C The coach starts from London every hour
D Passengers are offered a variety of services
参考答案： A
TIP：选A新闻中提First Groups英国汽车火车运营商Greyhound美国品牌
script
The 95year old iconic American brand — Greyhound is taking to the British roads First Group Britain＇s largest bus and train operator and owner of the Greyhound coach brand in the US said the buses would start running from London Victoria to Portsmouth and Southampton on Sept 14 Tickets will cost as little as £1 with the average journey costing £7 It plans to roll out more routes next year The hourly bus service will take just under two hours nonstop and will offer free WiFi power sockets for each passenger airconditioning complimentary newspapers and leather seats
Questions 7 and 8 are based on the following news At the end of the news item you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions
Now listen to the news
7 What does the news item say about the fires in Greece
A Fires only occurred near the Greek capital
B Fires near the capital caused casualties
C Fires near the capital were the biggest
D Fires near the capital were soon under control
参考答案： D
TIP：答案选DAuthorities reported 75 fires across the country排ANo injuries were reported排B项C项未提
8 According to the news what measure did authorities take to fight the fires
A Residents were asked to vacate their homes
B Troops were brought in to help the firefighters
C Air operations and water drops continued overnight
D Another six fire engines joined the firefighting operation
参考答案： B
TIP：选B新闻提政府局调动空军海军协助灭火B项正确
script
Greek firefighters planned to continue to work through the night to contain dozens of wild fires including a massive blaze outside Athens authority said Greek Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis called for calm on Saturday and said ground forces will continue their superhuman efforts until dawn when air operations and water drops will resume Authorities reported 75 fires across the country The fires began late Friday in Grammatiko 40 kilometers (25 miles) northeast of the capital Wind whipped a single blaze into three fires which joined again Saturday No injuries were reported Authorities mobilized units from the navy air force and marines to assist the firefighters in Grammatiko the State Fire Department said The fire is particularly complex given the weather the large quantity of fuel the terrain and the proximity of residential areas a statement from the Fire Department said The cause of the original fire which belched clouds of heavy dark smoke was unknown and officials were investigating Forest and bush fires are common during Greece＇s hot dry summers Six firefighting aircraft were helping firefighters according to the Athens＇s news agency
Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news At the end of the news item you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions
Now listen to the news
9 Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of the current decline in the Mexican economy
A Fewer job opportunities in Mexico
B Strong ties with the US economy
C Decline in tourism
D Decline in tax revenues
参考答案： A
TIP：选A新闻提墨西哥济衰退原美国济联系甚密外导致墨西哥济衰退原包括旅游业滑石油税收减少A项原
10 Drop in remittances from abroad is mainly due to _________
A declining oil production
B the outbreak of the H1N1 flu
C the declining GDP in Mexico
D the economic downturn in the US
参考答案： D
TIP：选D新闻提Remittances from Mexicans working abroad most of them in the United States also have fallen victim to the economic downturnD项正确
script
The Mexican economy went off a cliff in the second three months of 2009 with the gross domestic product dropping 103 from the same period last year according to government figures Analysts say the main cause of Mexico＇s nosedive is that the nation＇s economy is tied strongly to that of the United States which is mired in the deepest economic downturn since the 1930s Other factors dragging the Mexican economy down include a tourism decline caused by the H1N1 flu outbreak declining oil and tax revenues and fewer Mexicans abroad sending money back home Oil revenues long Mexico＇s main source of money have been hurt by lower global prices and declining production Remittances from Mexicans working abroad most of them in the United States also have fallen victim to the economic downturn Fewer jobs in the United States means fewer opportunities for Mexicans to find work and send money home Remittances rank after oil in terms of revenue for the country That revenue fell from 26 billion in 2007 to 25 billion in 2008 Mexico＇s Central Bank said and is expect to decrease even more this year Tourism Mexican＇s third largest source of revenue has declined steadily since an outbreak of the H1N1 flue was first discovered in Mexico in April
PART II READING COMPREHENSION
In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiplechoice questions Read the passages and then mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO
TEXT A
Whenever we could Joan and I took refuge in the streets of Gibraltar The Englishman＇s home is his castle because he has not much choice There is nowhere to sit in the streets of England not even after twilight in the public gardens The climate very often does not even permit him to walk outside Naturally he stays indoors and creates a cocoon of comfort That was the way we lived in Leeds
These southern people on the other hand look outwards The Gibraltarian home is typically a small and crowded apartment up several flights of dark and dirty stairs In it one two or even three old people share a few illlit rooms with the young family Once he has eaten changed his clothes embraced his wife kissed his children and his parents there is nothing to keep the southern man at home He hurries out taking even his breakfast coffee at his local bar He comes home late for his afternoon meal after an appetitive hour at his café He sleeps for an hour dresses goes out again and stays out until late at night His wife does not miss him for she is out too — at the market in the morning and in the afternoon sitting with other mothers babyminding in the sun
The usual Gibraltarian home has no sittingroom livingroom or lounge The parlour of our workingclass houses would be an intolerable waste of space Easychairs sofas and suchlike furniture are unknown There are no bookshelves because there are no books Talking and drinking as well as eating are done on hard chairs round the diningtable between a sideboard decorated with the best glasses and an inevitable display cabinet full of family treasures photographs and souvenirs The elaborate chandelier over this table proclaims it as the hub of the household and of the family Hearth and home makes very little sense in Gibraltar One＇s home is one＇s town or village and one＇s hearth is the sunshine
Our northern towns are dormitories with cubicles by comparison When we congregate — in the churches it used to be now in the cinema say impersonally or at public meetings formally — we are scarcely ever man to man Only in our pubs can you find the truly gregarious and communal spirit surviving and in England even the pubs are divided along class lines
Along this Mediterranean coast home is only a refuge and a retreat The people live together in the open air — in the street marketplace Down here there is a far stronger feeling of community than we had ever known In crowded and circumscribed Gibraltar with its complicated intermarriages its identity of interests its surviving sense of siege one can see and feel an integrated society
To live in a tiny town with all the organization of a state with Viceroy (总督) Premier Parliament Press and Pentagon all in miniature all within arm＇s reach is an intensive course in civics In such an environment nothing can be hidden for better or for worse One＇s successes are seen and recognized one＇s failures are immediately exposed Social consciousness is at its strongest with the result that there is a constant and firm pressure towards good social behaviour towards courtesy and kindness Gibraltar with all its faults is the friendliest and most tolerant of places Straight from the cynical anonymity of a big city we luxuriated in its happy personalism We look back on it like all its exiled sons and daughters with true affection
11 Which of the following best explains the differences in ways of living between the English and the Gibraltarians
A The family structure
B Religious belief
C The climate
D Eating habit
参考答案： A
TIP：选A文章英国直布罗陀居民生活方式进行描写两种迥异社会俗社会结构
12 The italicized part in the third paragraph implies that ____________
A English workingclass homes are similar to Gibraltarian ones
B English workingclass homes have spacious sittingrooms
C English workingclass homes waste a lot of space
D the English workingclass parlour is intolerable in Gibraltar
参考答案： C
TIP：选C斜体字部分含义英国工阶级会客厅直布罗陀居民说种容忍空间浪费
13 We learn from the description of the Gibraltarian home that it is _________
A modern
B luxurious
C stark
D simple
参考答案： D
TIP：选D文章提直布罗陀居民家里没安乐椅沙发书柜等类似家具简朴
14 There is a much stronger sense of _______ among the Gibraltarians
A togetherness
B survival
C identity
D leisure
参考答案： A
TIP：选A文章处词congregategregariouscommunal spirit等体现直布罗陀彼间较亲密
15 According to the passage people in Gibraltar tend to be wellbehaved because of the following EXCEPT _______
A the entirety of the state structure
B constant pressure from the state
C the small size of the town
D transparency of occurrences
参考答案： B
TIP：选BACD文章中均提B错误直布罗陀城镇state
TEXT B
For office innovators the unrealized dream of the paperless office is a classic example of hightech hubris (傲慢) Today＇s office drone is drowning in more paper than ever before
But after decades of hype American offices may finally be losing their paper obsession The demand for paper used to outstrip the growth of the US economy but the past two or three years have seen a marked slowdown in sales — despite a healthy economic scene
Analysts attribute the decline to such factors as advances in digital databases and communication systems Escaping our craving for paper however will be anything but an easy affair
Old habits are hard to break says Merilyn Dunn a communications supplies director There are some functions that paper serves where a screen display doesn＇t work Those functions are both its strength and its weakness
In the early to mid1990s a booming economy and improved desktop printers helped boost paper sales by 6 to 7 percent each year The convenience of desktop printing allowed office workers to indulge in printing anything and everything at very little effort or cost
But now the growth rate of paper sales in the United States is flattening by about half a percent each year Between 2004 and 2005 Ms Dunn says plain white office paper will see less than a 4 percent growth rate despite the strong overall economy A primary reason for the change says Dunn is that for the first time ever some 47 percent of the workforce entered the job market after computers had already been introduced to offices
We＇re finally seeing a reduction in the amount of paper being used per worker in the workplace says John Maine vice president of a pulp and paper economic consulting firm More information is being transmitted electronically and more and more people are comfortable with the information residing only in electronic form without printing multiple backups
In addition Mr Maine points to the lackluster employment market for whitecollar workers — the primary driver of office paper consumption for the shift in paper usage
The real paradigm shift may be in the way paper is used Since the advent of advanced and reliable officenetwork systems data storage has moved away from paper archives The secretarial art of filing is disappearing from job descriptions Much of today＇s data may never leave its original digital format
The changing attitudes toward paper have finally caught the attention of paper companies says Richard Harper a researcher at Microsoft All of a sudden the paper industry has started thinking ＇We need to learn more about the behavioural aspects of paper use＇ he says They had never asked they＇d just assumed that 70 million sheets would be bought per year as a literal function of economic growth
To reduce paper use some companies are working to combine digital and paper capabilities For example Xerox Corp is developing electronic paper thin digital displays that respond to a stylus like a pen on paper Notations can be erased or saved digitally
Another idea intelligent paper comes from Anoto Group It would allow notations made with a stylus on a page printed with a special magnetic ink to simultaneously appear on a computer screen
Even with such technological advances the improved capabilities of digital storage continue to act against paperlessness argues Paul Saffo a technology forecaster In his prophetic and metaphorical 1989 essay The Electronic Piñata (彩罐) he suggests that the increasing amounts of electronic data necessarily require more paper
The information industry today is like a huge electronic piñata composed of a thin paper crust surrounding an electronic core Mr Saffo wrote The growing paper crust is most noticeable but the hidden electronic core that produces the crust is far larger — and growing more rapidly The result is that we are becoming paperless but we hardly notice at all
In the same way that digital innovations have increased paper consumption Saffo says so has video conferencing — with its promise of fewer inperson meetings — boosting business travel
That＇s one of the great ironies of the information age Saffo says It＇s just common sense that the more you talk to someone by phone or computer it inevitably leads to a facetoface meeting The best thing for the aviation industry was the Internet
16 What function does the second sentence in the first paragraph serve
A It further explains hightech hubris
B It confirms the effect of hightech hubris
C It offers a cause for hightech hubris
D It offers a contrast to hightech hubris
参考答案： B
TIP：选B文章第句话办公室创新者说纸’办公室尚未实现梦想种典型高科技傲慢表现第二句话接着说天办公室正逐渐史纸淹没正傲慢表现果证实hightech hubris
17 Which of the following is NOT a reason for the slowdown in paper sales
A Workforce with better computer skills
B Slow growth of the US economy
C Changing patterns in paper use
D Changing employment trends
参考答案： B
TIP：选B文章第二段第二句提纸需求增长超美国济增长速度两三年里健康济局面纸张销售产生明显降B项正确
18 The two innovations by Xerox Corp and Anoto Group feature ________
A integrated use of paper and digital form
B a shift from paper to digital form
C the use of computer screen
D a new style of writing
参考答案： A
TIP：选A文章第十段提减少纸公司致力数字纸性相结合接着Xerox CorpAnoto Group例进行说明A项正确
19 What does the author mean by ＇＇irony of the information age
A The dream of the paperless office will be realized
B People usually prefer to have facetoface meetings
C More digital data use leads to greater paper use
D Some people are opposed to videoconferencing
参考答案： C
TIP：选C文章倒数第二段中述道数字化革新实际增加纸消耗选C
20 What is the author＇s attitude towards paperlessness
A He reviews the situation from different perspectives
B He agrees with some of the people quoted in the passage
C He has a preference for digital innovations
D He thinks airlines benefit most from the digital age
参考答案： B
TIP：选B文章第三段第二句话作者认忽略纸渴求接段落里引Merilyn Dunn话加证明文章结尾四段中作者处引Paul Saffo话认更科技手段没减少反增加纸
TEXT C
When George Orwell wrote in 1941 that England was the most classridden country under the sun he was only partly right Societies have always had their hierarchies with some group perched at the top In the Indian state of Bihar the Ranveer Sena an uppercaste private army even killed to stay there
By that measure class in Britain hardly seems entrenched (根深蒂固) But in another way Orwell was right and continues to be As a new YouGov poll shows Britons are surprisingly alert to class — both their own and that of others And they still think class is sticky According to the poll 48 of people aged 30 or over say they expect to end up better off than their parents But only 28 expect to end up in a different class More than twothirds think neither they nor their children will leave the class they were born into
What does this thing that people cannot escape consist of these days And what do people look at when decoding which class someone belongs to The most useful identifying markers according to the poll are occupation address accent and income in that order The fact that income comes fourth is revealing though some of the habits and attitudes that class used to define are more widely spread than they were class still indicates something less blunt than mere wealth
Occupation is the most trusted guide to class but changes in the labour market have made that harder to read than when Orwell was writing Manual workers have shrunk along with farming and heavy industry as a proportion of the workforce while the number of people in whitecollar jobs has surged Despite this striking change when they were asked to place themselves in a class Brits in 2006 huddled in much the same categories as they did when they were asked in 1949 So jobs which were once a fairly reliable guide to class have become misleading
A survey conducted earlier this year by Expertian shows how this convergence on similar types of work has blurred class boundaries Expertian asked people in a number of different jobs to place themselves in the working class or the middle class Secretaries waiters and journalists were significantly more likely to think themselves middleclass than accountants computer programmers or civil servants Many new whitecollar jobs offer no more autonomy or better prospects than old bluecollar ones Yet despite the muddle over what the markers of class are these days 71 of those polled by YouGov still said they found it very or fairly easy to figure out which class others belong to
In addition to changes in the labour market two other things have smudged the borders on the class map First since 1945 Britain has received large numbers of immigrants who do not fit easily into existing notions of class and may have their own pyramids to scramble up The flow of new arrivals has increased since the late 1990s multiplying this effect
Second barriers to fame have been lowered Britain＇s fastgrowing ranks of celebrities — like David Beckham and his wife Victoria — form a kind of parallel aristocracy open to talent or at least to those who are uninhibited enough to meet the requests of television producers This too has made definitions more complicated
But many Brits given the choice still prefer to identify with the class they were born into rather than that which their jobs or income would suggest This often entails pretending to be more humble than is actually the case 22 of whitecollar workers told YouGov that they consider themselves working class Likewise the Expertian survey found that one in ten adults who call themselves working class are among the richest assetowners and that over half a million households which earn more than 191000 a year say they are working class Pretending to be grander than income and occupation suggest is rarer though it happens too
If class no longer describes a clear social economic or even political status is it worth paying any attention to Possibly yes It is still in most cases closely correlated with educational attainment and career expectations
21 Why does the author say Orwell was right and continues to be (Paragraph Two)
A Because there was stronger class consciousness in India
B Because more people hope to end up in a higher class
C Because people expect to gain more wealth than their parents
D Because Britons are still conscious of their class status
参考答案： D
TIP：选DGeorge Orwell说英国世界阶级划分明显国家文提英国阶级敏感D项正确
22 ＇＇class still indicates something less blunt than mere wealth (Paragraph Three) means that ________
A class is still defined by its own habits and attitudes
B class would refer to something more subtle than money
C people from different classes may have the same habits or attitudes
D income is unimportant in determining which class one belongs to
参考答案： B
TIP：选B该句话含义阶级仅仅意味着财富少体现着直接东西B项表述正确
23 Which of the following statements is INCORRECT
A Whitecollar workers would place themselves in a different class
B People with different jobs may place themselves in the same class
C Occupation and class are no longer related with each other
D Changes in the workforce have made it difficult to define class
参考答案： C
TIP：选C文章第三段提判定某属阶级时英国常常标准中第便职业见职业阶级紧密联系
24 Which of the following is NOT a cause to blur class distinction
A Notions of class by immigrants
B Changing trends of employment
C Easy access to fame
D Fewer types of work
参考答案： D
TIP：选D三项第六四七段中均提
25 When some successful whitecollar workers choose to stay in the working class it implies that they are _________
A showing modesty
B showing selfrespect
C expressing boastfulness
D making an understatement
参考答案： A
TIP：选A文章倒数第二段中提英国倾属出生时阶级职业收入相匹配阶级常常表现出更谦逊面A项正确
TEXT D
The train was whirling onward with such dignity of motion that a glance from the window seemed simply to prove that plains of Texas were pouring eastward Vast flats of green grass dullhued spaces of mesquite and cactus little groups of frame houses woods of light and tender trees all were sweeping into the east sweeping over the horizon a precipice
A newly married pair had boarded this coach at San Antonio The man＇s face was reddened from many days in the wind and sun and a direct result of his new black clothes was that his brickcoloured hands were constantly performing in a most conscious fashion From time to time he looked down respectfully at his attire He sat with a hand on each knee like a man waiting in a barber＇s shop The glances he devoted to other passengers were furtive and shy
The bride was not pretty nor was she very young She wore a dress of blue cashmere with small reservations of velvet here and there and with steel buttons abounding She continually twisted her head to regard her puff sleeves very stiff and high They embarrassed her It was quite apparent that she had cooked and that she expected to cook dutifully The blushes caused by the careless scrutiny of some passengers as she had entered the car were strange to see upon this plain underclass countenance which was drawn in placid almost emotionless lines
They were evidently very happy Ever been in a parlorcar before he asked smiling with delight
No she answered I never was It＇s fine ain＇t it
Great And then after a while we＇ll go forward to the dinner and get a big layout Fresh meal in the world Charge a dollar
Oh do they cried the bride Charge a dollar Why that＇s too much — for us — ain＇t it Jack
Nor this trip anyhow he answered bravely We＇re going to go the whole thing
Later he explained to her about the trains You see it＇s a thousand miles from one end of Texas to the other and this runs right across it and never stops but four times He had the pride of an owner He pointed out to her the dazzling fittings of the coach and in truth her eyes opened wider and she contemplated the seagreen figured velvet the shining brass silver and glass the wood that gleamed as darkly brilliant as the surface of a pool of oil At one end a bronze figure sturdily held a support for a separated chamber and at convenient places on the ceiling were frescos in olive and silver
To the minds of the pair their surroundings reflected the glory of their marriage that morning in San Antonio this was the environment of their new estate and the man＇s face in particular beamed with an elation that made him appear ridiculous to the Negro porter This individual at times surveyed them from afar with an amused and superior grin On other occasions he bullied them with skill in ways that did not make it exactly plain to them that they were being bullied He subtly used all the manners of the most unconquerable kind of snobbery He oppressed them But of this oppression they had small knowledge and they speedily forgot that infrequently a number of travelers covered them with stares of derisive enjoyment Historically there was supposed to be something infinitely humorous in their situation
We are due in Yellow Sky at 342 he said looking tenderly into her eyes
Oh are we she said as if she had not been aware of it To evince (表现出) surprise at her husband＇s statement was part of her wifely amiability She took from a pocket a little silver watch and as she held it before her and stared at it with a frown of attention the new husband＇s face shone
I bought it in San Anton＇ from a friend of mine he told her gleefully
It＇s seventeen minutes past twelve she said looking up at him with a kind of shy and clumsy coquetry (调情卖俏) A passenger noting this play grew excessively sardonic and winked at himself in one of the numerous mirrors
At last they went to the diningcar Two rows of Negro waiters in glowing white suits surveyed their entrance with the interest and also the equanimity (静) of men who had been forewarned The pair fell to the lot of a waiter who happened to feel pleasure in steering them through their meal He viewed them with the manner of a fatherly pilot his countenance radiant with benevolence The patronage entwined with the ordinary deference was not plain to them And yet as they returned to their coach they showed in their faces a sense of escape
26 The description of the couple＇s clothes and behaviour at the beginning of the passage seems to indicate that they had a sense of __________
A secrecy
B elation
C superiority
D awkwardness
参考答案： D
TIP：选D文章第二三段处词furtiveshyembarrassblushes等说明夫妇火车表现出笨拙
27 Which of the following adjectives best depicts the interior of the coach
A Modern
B Luxurious
C Practical
D Complex
参考答案： B
TIP：选B文章火车部描述词组dazzling fittingseagreen figured velvetshining brasssilver等说明火车装饰华丽
28 Which of the following best describes the attitude of other people on the train towards the couple
A They regarded the couple as an object of fun
B They expressed indifference towards the couple
C They were very curious about the couple
D They showed friendliness towards the couple
参考答案： A
TIP：选A文章第十段描述黑列车服务员时时远处量嘴角带着消遣高等笑容时种易察觉方式欺负处处表现出世势利说明A项表述正确
29 Which of the following contains a metaphor
A like a man waiting in a barber＇s shop
B his countenance radiant with benevolence
C sweeping over the horizon a precipice
D as darkly brilliant as the surface of a pool of oil
参考答案： C
TIP：选C里precipice喻horizon暗喻
30 We can infer from the last paragraph that in the diningcar ________
A the waiters were snobbish
B the couple felt ill at ease
C the service was satisfactory
D the couple enjoyed their dinner
参考答案： B
TIP：选B文章结尾句回车厢脸种解脱神情说明餐车
PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGEThere are ten multiplechoice questions in this section Mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO
31 The northernmost part of Great Britain is _______
A Northern Ireland
B Wales
C England
D Scotland
参考答案： D
TIP：选D英国北端苏格兰
32 It is generally agreed that _______ were the first Europeans to reach Australia＇s shores
A the French
B the Germans
C the British
D the Dutch
参考答案： D
TIP：选D1606年荷兰航海家Willem Janszoon约克角西岸登陆澳洲1770年英国库克船长登澳洲陆宣布英国领土
33 Which country is known as the Land of Maple Leaf
A Canada
B New Zealand
C Great Britain
D The United States of America
参考答案： A
TIP：选A加誉枫叶国
34 Who wrote the famous pamphlet The Common Sense before the American Revolution
A Thomas Jefferson
B Thomas Paine
C John Adams
D Benjamin Franklin
参考答案： B
TIP：选B常识托马斯•潘恩美国革命前撰写
35 Virginia Woolf was an important female ________ in the 20thcentury England
A poet
B biographer
C playwright
D novelist
参考答案： D
TIP：选D弗吉尼亚•伍尔芙英国著名说家第二次世界战期间伦敦文学界核心物
36 ______ refers to a long narrative poem that records the adventures of a hero in a nation＇s history
A Ballad
B Romance
C Epic
D Elegy
参考答案： C
TIP：选Cepic史诗叙事诗意思
37 Which of the following best explores American myth in the 20th century
A The Great Gatsby
B The Sun Also Rises
C The Sound and the Fury
D Beyond the Horizon
参考答案： A
TIP：选A天边外尤金•奥尼尔著名戏剧作品太阳常升起海明威代表作喧哗骚动福克纳代表作起盖茨作者菲茨杰拉德作品反映美国20世纪20年代30年代社会现实美国神话进行类诠释解读
38 _______ is defined as the study of the relationship between language and mind
A Semantics
B Pragmatics
C Cognitive linguistics
D Sociolinguistics
参考答案： C
TIP：选C认知语言学认语言创建学运基必须够通类认知加解释认知力类知识根
39 A vowel is different from a consonant in English because of ________
A absence of obstruction
B presence of obstruction
C manner of articulation
D place of articulation
参考答案： A
TIP：选A辅音肺部呼出气流通口腔鼻腔时遇阻碍发出音元音发音区受阻碍产生摩擦
40 The definition the act of using or promoting the use of several languages either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers refers to _________
A Pidgin
B Creole
C Multilingualism
D Bilingualism
参考答案： C
TIP：选CMultilingualism意思语现象语制
PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION
The passage contains TEN errors Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error In each case only ONE word is involved You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way
To correct these mistakes you may need to change delete or add a word If you need to change a word click the left mouse button to select the word choose change on the menu and write the correct word in the blank If you need to delete a word click the left mouse button to select the word and choose delete on the menu If you need to add a word click the left mouse button to select the space in between the two words where you think there is a word missing choose add on the menu and write the missing word in the blank And you may use cancel on the menu to cancel the choice of the correction way you＇ve just made
From a very early age perhaps the age of five or six I knew that when I grew I should be a writer Between the ages of about seventeen and twentyfour I tried to abandon this idea but I did so with the conscience that I was outraging my true nature and that soon or later I should have to settle down and write books
I was the middle child of three but there was a gap of five years on either side and I barely saw my father before I was eight For this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely and I soon developed disagreeing mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my schooldays I had the lonely child＇s habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginative persons and I think from the very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing in unpleasant facts and I felt that this created a sort of private world which I could get my own back for my failure in everyday life Therefore the volume of serious – ie seriously intended – writing which I produced all through my childhood and boyhood would not amount to half a dozen pages I wrote my first poem at the age of four or five my mother taking it down to dictation
(1) __________
(2) __________
(3) __________
(4) __________
(5) __________
(6) __________
(7) __________
(8) __________
(9) __________
(10) __________
参考答案：
(1) grew ∧ up — 加入upupgrow作成长解时物动词副词up搭配
(2) conscience — 改成consciousness根原文处表达意思应该样做时清楚知道背叛天性conscience意良心符合句意
(3) soon — 改成soonersooner or later固定搭配意迟早
(4) on — 删ontheon either side表示两边前面应定冠词the(5) disagreeing — 改成disagreeable处表达意思应快养成乖戾性学生时代受欢迎disagreeable意友善难相处
(6) imaginative — 改成imaginaryimaginative意想力imaginary意想虚构处意思应养成孤独孩子带编造事惯想中说话改imaginary
(7) literal — 改成literary处意思应文学抱负应literal（文字）改literary（文学）
(8) in — 删inface表示面直接宾语应掉介词in
(9) world ∧ in — 加入in里which引导定语句修饰world介词in省略
(10) Therefore — 改成Nevertheless文含义应表达转折连词nevertheless
PART V TRANSLATIONSECTION
A CHINESE TO ENGLISH
Translate the underlined part of the following text into English Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE
现代社会价值观持生活方式选择充满矛盾现代感尴尬面重重矛盾许时候选择匆忙休闲截然两种生活方式现实生活中两种生活方式间频繁穿梭时说清底休闲着匆忙着譬说正旅游胜享受假期忽然接老板电话告诉客户工作方面出麻烦——现代便捷先进工具刻显示出狰狞阴郁面容——搞子兴趣全接休闲徒表心里已火烧火燎
参考答案：
Being in haste and at leisure are two distinct lifestyles But in real life people have to shuttle between these two lifestyles frequently without knowing whether they are at leisure or in haste For instance when we are enjoying our holidays in a tourist attraction a phone call from the boss tells us contingencies have happened with our clients or work The hideous and gloomy side of the convenient modern hightech device drives away all the interest The following leisure time can only be reduced to the pure form because we are already in a restless and anxious state of mind
SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE
Translate the following text into Chinese Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE
When flying over Nepal it＇s easy to soar in your imagination and pretend you＇re tiny — a butterfly — and drifting above one of those threedimensional topographical maps architects use the circling contour lines replaced by the terraced rice paddies that surround each high ridge
Nepal is a small country and from the windows of our plane floating eastward at 12000 feet one can see clearly the brilliant white mirage of the high Himalayas thirty miles off the left window
Out the right window the view is of three or four high terraced ridges giving sudden way to the plains of India beyond
There were few roads visible below most transportation in Nepal being by foot along ancient trails that connect and bind the country together There is also a network of dirt airstrips which was fortunate for me as I had no time for the twoandahalf week trek to my destination I was on a flight to the local airport
参考答案：
尼泊尔空飞行想象力容易开始翱翔仿佛渺——蝴蝶——飞幅三维建筑形图环绕着高脊梯田图中环形等高线
尼泊尔国飞机万两千英尺高空东稳飞行透左侧窗户清楚见方三十英里处雄伟喜马拉雅山呈现出白色蜃景
转右侧窗口三四座高高布梯田山脊快印度境广阔原代
飞机方见极少条路尼泊尔出行方式着古老路步行路联系着全国外国家空中网络然机场尘土飞扬说算幸运没时间进行两半星期徒步旅行达目时机场航班
PART VI WRITING
According to a recent newspaper report many famous sites of historical interest in China have begun or are considering charging tourists higher entry fees during peak travel seasons This has aroused a lot of public attention and also public debate What is your opinion Should famous Chinese sites of historical interest charge higher fees during peak travel seasons Write an essay of about 400 words
In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary
You should supply an appropriate title for your essay
Marks will be awarded for content organization language and appropriateness Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks
Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET FOUR
参考答案：
Higher Entry Fees During Peak Travel Season
In recent years people in China have more time and money to visit famous sites of historical interest owing to longer holidays and higher incomes These visits on the one hand can enrich their own life and bring the sites substantial incomes On the other hand too many visits especially during travel peaks when there are more visitors have caused huge problems in several aspects In my opinion one effective solution to this problem is to charge higher fees during peak travel seasons
For one reason those who oppose higher fees have ignored the unique features of famous sites of historical interest Different from the common parks the historical spots normally imply ample historical and cultural values The relics in these spots are so precious and fragile that they usually need special and professional preservation and administration which obviously costs large amounts of money During peak travel seasons even more tourists pay visits to the historical spots Such huge amount of people arriving at one historical spot may probably lead to some unexpected damages Facing this situation there is no better measure than raising the entry fees to reduce the number of tourists in peak seasons The only purpose of charging higher entry fees is to stop some people＇s visits during special seasons so as to achieve a better protection of the valuable relics With higher entry fees some people may change their plans and give up their visits Here economic means are applied to conserve precious things at the sites of historical interest in an appropriate and sustainable way
For another reason higher fees charged may effectively reduce the number of tourists visiting historical spots in peak seasons which is also good to the safety of the tourists Reports on the accidents happening to tourists are not new to us Especially during peak seasons heavy traffic of passengers poses potential threats to the life of tourists Furthermore relaxation is always an ultimate goal for tourists It is almost impossible for anyone to appreciate anything in an overcrowded spot with a sea of people around An ideal holiday may even be ruined by the hustle and bustle and endless waiting
In short we need to control the number of visitors especially during the peak travel seasons to guarantee a sound protection of historical spots as well as the safety of tourists Among others higher entry fees may be a simple and effective economic means of regulation which should be taken into account by the authorities As for the tourists this may not be so bad as it sounds
文档香网(httpswwwxiangdangnet)户传
《香当网》用户分享的内容，不代表《香当网》观点或立场，请自行判断内容的真实性和可靠性！
该内容是文档的文本内容，更好的格式请下载文档
GRADE EIGHT TIME LIMIT 195 MIN
PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION
SECTION A MINILECTURE
In this section you will hear a minilecture You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY While listening take notes on the important points Your notes will not be marked but you will need them to complete a gapfilling task after the minilecture When the lecture is over you will be given two minutes to check your notes and another ten minutes to complete the gapfilling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE Some of the gaps may require a maximum of THREE words Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable You may refer to your notes while completing the task Use the blank sheet for notetaking
Now listen to the minilecture
Classifications of Cultures
According to Edward Hall different cultures result in different ideas about the world Hall is an anthropologist He is interested in relations between cultures
I Highcontext culture
A feature
context more important than the message
meaning (1)__________
ie more attention paid to (2) ___________ than to the message itself
B examples
personal space
preference for (3)__________
less respect for privacy personal space
attention to (4)___________
concept of time
belief in (5)____________ interpretation of time
no concern for punctuality
no control over time
II Lowcontext culture
A feature
message separate from context
meaning (6)___________
B examples
personal space
desire respect for individuality privacy
less attention to body language
more concern for (7)___________
attitude toward time
concept of time (8)____________
dislike of (9)_____________
time seen as commodity
III Conclusion
Awareness of different cultural assumptions
relevance in work and life
eg business negotiation etc
(10)_____________ in successful communication
参考答案：
(1) context of message
(2) what＇s happening the context
(3) closeness to people
(4) body language
(5) polychronic
(6) message itself
(7) the message
(8) monochronic
(9) lateness
(10) great influence significance
TIPS：
(1) 根原文中句A highcontext culture is a culture in which the context of the message or the action or an event carries a large part of its meaning and significance知答案
(2) 根原文What this means is that in a highcontext culture more attention is paid to what＇s happening in and around the message than to the message itself知答案
(3) 根原文Generally speaking in a highcontext culture because this greater dependency on group thinking people lean towards heavier sense of involvement or closeness to people出答案
(4) 根原文And also people from a highcontext culture pay attention to body language出答案
(5) 根原文People in highcontext cultures are considered to have what is called a polychronic attitude toward time出答案
(6) 根原文A lowcontext culture is one in which the message the event or the action is a separate entity having meaning onto itself regardless of the surroundings or the context出答案
(7) 根原文And you＇ll also see that people might pay less attention to body language because as I said the message is the message is everything出答案
(8) 原文提lowcontext culture中时间态度称monochronic
(9) 根原文People in a lowcontext culture would be much more upset with lateness because they feel that everyone should follow the same time出答案
(10) 根文章末尾部分If you＇re in business negotiations interpersonal relations if you＇re dealing with people from different cultures in any way it＇s going to affect every part of your life In any multicultural situation these assumptions need to be taken into account for successful interactions知商务活动谈判际交中文化交道时想法成功交际起着非常重作
script
Classifications of Cultures
Good morning everyone Today we＇ll look at culture or rather classifications of cultures Usually when we deal with different people we deal with them as if we were all members of the same culture However it＇s possible that people from different cultures have different assumptions about the world We got in such important and basic ideas as time personal space And this is the view of Edward Hall And Edward Hall is an anthropologist who spent a large part of his life studying American Indians their culture their language But he was different from a lot of other anthropologists who just study one culture He was interested in the relations between cultures how cultures interact What Hall believes is that cultures can be classified by placing them on a continuum ranging from what he called highcontext to lowcontext
OK what is a highcontext culture A highcontext culture is a culture in which the context of the message or the action or an event carries a large part of its meaning and significance What this means is that in a highcontext culture more attention is paid to what＇s happening in and around the message than to the message itself
Now let me give you examples First in terms of personal space Generally speaking in a highcontext culture because this greater dependency on group thinking people lean towards heavier sense of involvement or closeness to people And they have less respect for privacy for personal space If you go into that culture people might stand closer when they＇re talking to you They might touch more And if they＇re jostled in a crowd they won＇t feel violated And also people from a highcontext culture pay attention to body language Because remember what I said the definition of a highcontext culture is that more attention is paid to the context of the message than to the message itself And part of the context is body language
Second in terms of time People in highcontext cultures are considered to have what is called a polychronic attitude toward time Here poly means multiple and chronic means time What this means is that they believe people things events have their own time And there can＇t be a standard system of time for everything What this leads them to believe is that you can＇t emphasize punctuality Things happen when they are supposed to happen So there＇s a different attitude toward time there＇s no set standard of time you can＇t control time everything has its own sense of time So it＇s a culture that pays little attention to time to clock time
Now let＇s move on to lowcontext culture A lowcontext culture is just the opposite A lowcontext culture is one in which the message the event or the action is a separate entity having meaning onto itself regardless of the surroundings or the context That the message the event the action has meaning in itself So what this means in a lowcontext culture is that people pay more attention to the event itself rather than to the context which surrounds the event or the message For example in terms of personal space again there＇s more emphasis on individuality So the concept of privacy is very very important Whereas before as I said in a highcontext culture they might not even be concerned with privacy or personal space But in a lowcontext culture there＇s a feeling that we each have our own personal space If you get too close if you don＇t knock on doors before entering that＇s an invasion of privacy People feel violated There＇s a respect and a desire for privacy And you＇ll also see that people might pay less attention to body language because as I said the message is the message is everything They are not going to worry about all the details around it What you say is the important thing or what you do is the important thing
Another example of a lowcontext culture is people＇s attitude towards time In terms of time I said before there was a polychronic sense of time in a highcontext culture What do you think there would be in a lowcontext culture Monochronic Right A monochronic sense of time and by that we mean that there＇s one time And that concept means that people in a lowcontext culture believe that there＇s one standard of time And that should be for everything And so I am not willing to hear Oh the traffic was heavy That＇s why I＇m late or Oh I slept late People in a lowcontext culture would be much more upset with lateness because they feel that everyone should follow the same time There shouldn＇t be all this flexibility with time and they expect punctuality And they look at time as almost a commodity that they use expressions like use time to waste time to spend time or time is money All of these expressions reinforce the concept that time is actually something you can hold on to
So what this is all about is that Hall stresses that people need to be aware of these different assumptions or concepts about reality And he thinks that this has all kinds of relevance no matter what you＇re doing If you＇re in business negotiations interpersonal relations if you＇re dealing with people from different cultures in any way it＇s going to affect every part of your life In any multicultural situation these assumptions need to be taken into account for successful interactions
OK today we＇ve taken a brief look at Edward Hall＇s view of culture mainly his classification of high or lowcontext culture with some examples Next week we＇ll look at some more examples of cultures on a continuum between highcontext and lowcontext cultures
SECTION B INTERVIEWCONVERSATIONIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow Mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO
Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions
Now listen to the interview
1 According to Dr Harley what makes language learning more difficult after a certain age
A Differences between two languages
B Declining capacity to learn syntax
C Lack of time available
D Absence of motivation
参考答案： B
TIP：答案选BHarley博士提研究表明语言特句法方面学12岁更难
2 What does the example of Czech speakers show
A It＇s natural for language learners to make errors
B Differences between languages cause difficulty
C There exist differences between English and Czech
D Difficulty stems from either difference or similarity
参考答案： D
TIP：答案选DHarley博士提研究发现学英语捷克会相捷克语英语句法犯错证明语言学者困难相似性
3 Which of the following methods does NOT advocate speaking
A The traditional method
B The audiolingual method
C The immersion method
D The direct method
参考答案： A
TIP：答案选A三种方法求强调口语传统方法强调语法教学
4 Which hypothesis deals with the role of language knowledge in the learning process
A The acquisition and learning distinction hypothesis
B The comprehensible input hypothesis
C The monitor hypothesis
D The active filter hypothesis
参考答案： C
TIP：答案选CHarley博士解释monitor hypothesis时提monitor会语法规电台持确认否意味着学者运语言知识确保说写正确误Harley博士回答肯定
5 Which of the following topics is NOT discussed during the interview
A Causes of language learning difficulties
B Differences between mother tongue and a second language
C Theoretical conceptualization of second language learning
D Pedagogical implementation of second language teaching
参考答案： B
TIP：答案选B三项话中均提D项没提
script
Woman Good morning Dr Harley Thank you very much for coming on our radio talk We know that you＇re an applied linguist specializing in second language acquisition
Dr Harley Right
Woman So today um we＇ll look at this issue Now first Dr Harley could you please tell us what is second language acquisition
Dr Harley Well second language acquisition is happens when a child or adult has already become competent at a language And then um they attempt to learn another
Woman OK most people think including me it is difficult to learn another language What are the reasons Why is it so
Dr Harley Well there are a number of reasons for this Huh first there have been research studies They have shown that some aspects of language learning especially syntax are more difficult beyond a certain age say after around 12 years of age
Woman So age plays an important role in language learning
Dr Harley Yes But that＇s not the only reason
Woman Oh is that so
Dr Harley Yes for example huh time and interest All children and adults often have less time and motivation to learn a second language
Woman Mm …
Dr Harley Another is related to the similarities and differences between one＇s mother tongue and a second language We find the learners will experience difficulty when their mother tongue and the second language they＇re learning differ In general the more idiosyncratic a feature is in a particular language relative to other languages the more difficult it will be to acquire
Woman Perhaps this is the key issue Differences between languages cause language learning problems
Dr Harley Well this may be one of the issues here But this cannot be the whole story as not all differences between languages cause difficulty Let me give you an example
Woman OK
Dr Harley Research has found that many errors by Czech speakers learning English were made on syntactic constructions in which the two languages do not differ
Woman Oh really The picture is more complicated than we＇ve imagined
Dr Harley Definitely yes Each language learning situation is different So reasons vary a lot from case to case
Woman Now Dr Harley since learning a second language is a difficult process you know in one way or another are there any methods so far effective methods to teach a second language
Dr Harley There again no method is absolutely effective in all situations Some may prove effective others may not I mean all depending on specific conditions But generally speaking there are a number of methods that have been used to teach a second language
Woman Could you mention a few
Dr Harley For instance there＇s the traditional method This method is based on translation from one language to another And it emphasizes grammar teaching And then you have direct methods which focuses on conversational skills and all teaching must be carried out in the second language
Woman Oh I see Any other methods
Dr Harley Yes for example the audiolingual method This method emphasizes speaking and listening before reading and writing
Woman How interesting
Dr Harley Then you have the immersion method This method teaches learners exclusively through the medium of the second language
Woman How
Dr Harley Well it simply means that you cannot speak mother tongue Everything must be done in the language you＇re learning To me the most natural method of learning a new language is what I call submersion That is to go to that country and be surrounded exclusively by speakers of that language
Woman Thank you very much Dr Harley for introducing some of the language teaching methods Now let＇s move on to something a bit theoretical Since second language acquisition and teaching are a fascinating area for researchers are there any theories to explain second language acquisition
Dr Harley Yes many theories and models have been put forward by researchers so far Today I＇d like to mention the five hypotheses proposed by Steven Krashen
Woman OK
Dr Harley The five hypotheses form what he calls the Monitor Model of second language learning
Woman What does it mean
Dr Harley OK the first hypothesis is the Acquisition and Learning Distinction Hypothesis According to Krashen children acquire their first language largely unconsciously and automatically But adults could only learn a second language consciously and effortfully And adults could indeed acquire the second language at least in part
Woman Right Then what＇s his second hypothesis
Dr Harley His second hypothesis is the Natural Order in Acquisition Hypothesis Basically he means that the ordering which learners acquire syntactic rules is the same in both languages
Woman Oh that＇s something really new to me
Dr Harley The third hypothesis is the Monitor Hypothesis which is central to his theory Here again we come across the distinction between acquisition and learning According to this hypothesis the acquisition processes create sentences in the second language right But learning enables the development of a monitoring process to check and edit this output The monitor uses knowledge of the rules That＇s why as I said just now learning is a conscious process
Woman This means in learning you use knowledge of the language to make sure what you say or write is correct Is that so
Dr Harley Yes His fourth hypothesis is the Comprehensible Input Hypothesis In order to move form one stage to the next the learner must understand the meaning and the form of the input This emphasizes the role of comprehension And finally the Active Filter Hypothesis This suggests attitude and emotional factors are also important in second language acquisition
Woman I guess Krashen＇s model has provided a useful framework for second language learning
Dr Harley Yes it indeed has And it has also proved to be one of the most influential theoretical approaches to teaching a second language
Woman OK Dr Harley thank you once again for talking to us about second language acquisition
Dr Harley Pleasure
SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow Mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO
Question 6 is based on the following news At the end of the news item you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question
Now listen to the news
6 Which of the following statements is INCORRECT
A Greyhound is Britain＇s largest bus and train operator
B Currently Greyhound routes in Britain are limited
C The coach starts from London every hour
D Passengers are offered a variety of services
参考答案： A
TIP：选A新闻中提First Groups英国汽车火车运营商Greyhound美国品牌
script
The 95year old iconic American brand — Greyhound is taking to the British roads First Group Britain＇s largest bus and train operator and owner of the Greyhound coach brand in the US said the buses would start running from London Victoria to Portsmouth and Southampton on Sept 14 Tickets will cost as little as £1 with the average journey costing £7 It plans to roll out more routes next year The hourly bus service will take just under two hours nonstop and will offer free WiFi power sockets for each passenger airconditioning complimentary newspapers and leather seats
Questions 7 and 8 are based on the following news At the end of the news item you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions
Now listen to the news
7 What does the news item say about the fires in Greece
A Fires only occurred near the Greek capital
B Fires near the capital caused casualties
C Fires near the capital were the biggest
D Fires near the capital were soon under control
参考答案： D
TIP：答案选DAuthorities reported 75 fires across the country排ANo injuries were reported排B项C项未提
8 According to the news what measure did authorities take to fight the fires
A Residents were asked to vacate their homes
B Troops were brought in to help the firefighters
C Air operations and water drops continued overnight
D Another six fire engines joined the firefighting operation
参考答案： B
TIP：选B新闻提政府局调动空军海军协助灭火B项正确
script
Greek firefighters planned to continue to work through the night to contain dozens of wild fires including a massive blaze outside Athens authority said Greek Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis called for calm on Saturday and said ground forces will continue their superhuman efforts until dawn when air operations and water drops will resume Authorities reported 75 fires across the country The fires began late Friday in Grammatiko 40 kilometers (25 miles) northeast of the capital Wind whipped a single blaze into three fires which joined again Saturday No injuries were reported Authorities mobilized units from the navy air force and marines to assist the firefighters in Grammatiko the State Fire Department said The fire is particularly complex given the weather the large quantity of fuel the terrain and the proximity of residential areas a statement from the Fire Department said The cause of the original fire which belched clouds of heavy dark smoke was unknown and officials were investigating Forest and bush fires are common during Greece＇s hot dry summers Six firefighting aircraft were helping firefighters according to the Athens＇s news agency
Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news At the end of the news item you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions
Now listen to the news
9 Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of the current decline in the Mexican economy
A Fewer job opportunities in Mexico
B Strong ties with the US economy
C Decline in tourism
D Decline in tax revenues
参考答案： A
TIP：选A新闻提墨西哥济衰退原美国济联系甚密外导致墨西哥济衰退原包括旅游业滑石油税收减少A项原
10 Drop in remittances from abroad is mainly due to _________
A declining oil production
B the outbreak of the H1N1 flu
C the declining GDP in Mexico
D the economic downturn in the US
参考答案： D
TIP：选D新闻提Remittances from Mexicans working abroad most of them in the United States also have fallen victim to the economic downturnD项正确
script
The Mexican economy went off a cliff in the second three months of 2009 with the gross domestic product dropping 103 from the same period last year according to government figures Analysts say the main cause of Mexico＇s nosedive is that the nation＇s economy is tied strongly to that of the United States which is mired in the deepest economic downturn since the 1930s Other factors dragging the Mexican economy down include a tourism decline caused by the H1N1 flu outbreak declining oil and tax revenues and fewer Mexicans abroad sending money back home Oil revenues long Mexico＇s main source of money have been hurt by lower global prices and declining production Remittances from Mexicans working abroad most of them in the United States also have fallen victim to the economic downturn Fewer jobs in the United States means fewer opportunities for Mexicans to find work and send money home Remittances rank after oil in terms of revenue for the country That revenue fell from 26 billion in 2007 to 25 billion in 2008 Mexico＇s Central Bank said and is expect to decrease even more this year Tourism Mexican＇s third largest source of revenue has declined steadily since an outbreak of the H1N1 flue was first discovered in Mexico in April
PART II READING COMPREHENSION
In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiplechoice questions Read the passages and then mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO
TEXT A
Whenever we could Joan and I took refuge in the streets of Gibraltar The Englishman＇s home is his castle because he has not much choice There is nowhere to sit in the streets of England not even after twilight in the public gardens The climate very often does not even permit him to walk outside Naturally he stays indoors and creates a cocoon of comfort That was the way we lived in Leeds
These southern people on the other hand look outwards The Gibraltarian home is typically a small and crowded apartment up several flights of dark and dirty stairs In it one two or even three old people share a few illlit rooms with the young family Once he has eaten changed his clothes embraced his wife kissed his children and his parents there is nothing to keep the southern man at home He hurries out taking even his breakfast coffee at his local bar He comes home late for his afternoon meal after an appetitive hour at his café He sleeps for an hour dresses goes out again and stays out until late at night His wife does not miss him for she is out too — at the market in the morning and in the afternoon sitting with other mothers babyminding in the sun
The usual Gibraltarian home has no sittingroom livingroom or lounge The parlour of our workingclass houses would be an intolerable waste of space Easychairs sofas and suchlike furniture are unknown There are no bookshelves because there are no books Talking and drinking as well as eating are done on hard chairs round the diningtable between a sideboard decorated with the best glasses and an inevitable display cabinet full of family treasures photographs and souvenirs The elaborate chandelier over this table proclaims it as the hub of the household and of the family Hearth and home makes very little sense in Gibraltar One＇s home is one＇s town or village and one＇s hearth is the sunshine
Our northern towns are dormitories with cubicles by comparison When we congregate — in the churches it used to be now in the cinema say impersonally or at public meetings formally — we are scarcely ever man to man Only in our pubs can you find the truly gregarious and communal spirit surviving and in England even the pubs are divided along class lines
Along this Mediterranean coast home is only a refuge and a retreat The people live together in the open air — in the street marketplace Down here there is a far stronger feeling of community than we had ever known In crowded and circumscribed Gibraltar with its complicated intermarriages its identity of interests its surviving sense of siege one can see and feel an integrated society
To live in a tiny town with all the organization of a state with Viceroy (总督) Premier Parliament Press and Pentagon all in miniature all within arm＇s reach is an intensive course in civics In such an environment nothing can be hidden for better or for worse One＇s successes are seen and recognized one＇s failures are immediately exposed Social consciousness is at its strongest with the result that there is a constant and firm pressure towards good social behaviour towards courtesy and kindness Gibraltar with all its faults is the friendliest and most tolerant of places Straight from the cynical anonymity of a big city we luxuriated in its happy personalism We look back on it like all its exiled sons and daughters with true affection
11 Which of the following best explains the differences in ways of living between the English and the Gibraltarians
A The family structure
B Religious belief
C The climate
D Eating habit
参考答案： A
TIP：选A文章英国直布罗陀居民生活方式进行描写两种迥异社会俗社会结构
12 The italicized part in the third paragraph implies that ____________
A English workingclass homes are similar to Gibraltarian ones
B English workingclass homes have spacious sittingrooms
C English workingclass homes waste a lot of space
D the English workingclass parlour is intolerable in Gibraltar
参考答案： C
TIP：选C斜体字部分含义英国工阶级会客厅直布罗陀居民说种容忍空间浪费
13 We learn from the description of the Gibraltarian home that it is _________
A modern
B luxurious
C stark
D simple
参考答案： D
TIP：选D文章提直布罗陀居民家里没安乐椅沙发书柜等类似家具简朴
14 There is a much stronger sense of _______ among the Gibraltarians
A togetherness
B survival
C identity
D leisure
参考答案： A
TIP：选A文章处词congregategregariouscommunal spirit等体现直布罗陀彼间较亲密
15 According to the passage people in Gibraltar tend to be wellbehaved because of the following EXCEPT _______
A the entirety of the state structure
B constant pressure from the state
C the small size of the town
D transparency of occurrences
参考答案： B
TIP：选BACD文章中均提B错误直布罗陀城镇state
TEXT B
For office innovators the unrealized dream of the paperless office is a classic example of hightech hubris (傲慢) Today＇s office drone is drowning in more paper than ever before
But after decades of hype American offices may finally be losing their paper obsession The demand for paper used to outstrip the growth of the US economy but the past two or three years have seen a marked slowdown in sales — despite a healthy economic scene
Analysts attribute the decline to such factors as advances in digital databases and communication systems Escaping our craving for paper however will be anything but an easy affair
Old habits are hard to break says Merilyn Dunn a communications supplies director There are some functions that paper serves where a screen display doesn＇t work Those functions are both its strength and its weakness
In the early to mid1990s a booming economy and improved desktop printers helped boost paper sales by 6 to 7 percent each year The convenience of desktop printing allowed office workers to indulge in printing anything and everything at very little effort or cost
But now the growth rate of paper sales in the United States is flattening by about half a percent each year Between 2004 and 2005 Ms Dunn says plain white office paper will see less than a 4 percent growth rate despite the strong overall economy A primary reason for the change says Dunn is that for the first time ever some 47 percent of the workforce entered the job market after computers had already been introduced to offices
We＇re finally seeing a reduction in the amount of paper being used per worker in the workplace says John Maine vice president of a pulp and paper economic consulting firm More information is being transmitted electronically and more and more people are comfortable with the information residing only in electronic form without printing multiple backups
In addition Mr Maine points to the lackluster employment market for whitecollar workers — the primary driver of office paper consumption for the shift in paper usage
The real paradigm shift may be in the way paper is used Since the advent of advanced and reliable officenetwork systems data storage has moved away from paper archives The secretarial art of filing is disappearing from job descriptions Much of today＇s data may never leave its original digital format
The changing attitudes toward paper have finally caught the attention of paper companies says Richard Harper a researcher at Microsoft All of a sudden the paper industry has started thinking ＇We need to learn more about the behavioural aspects of paper use＇ he says They had never asked they＇d just assumed that 70 million sheets would be bought per year as a literal function of economic growth
To reduce paper use some companies are working to combine digital and paper capabilities For example Xerox Corp is developing electronic paper thin digital displays that respond to a stylus like a pen on paper Notations can be erased or saved digitally
Another idea intelligent paper comes from Anoto Group It would allow notations made with a stylus on a page printed with a special magnetic ink to simultaneously appear on a computer screen
Even with such technological advances the improved capabilities of digital storage continue to act against paperlessness argues Paul Saffo a technology forecaster In his prophetic and metaphorical 1989 essay The Electronic Piñata (彩罐) he suggests that the increasing amounts of electronic data necessarily require more paper
The information industry today is like a huge electronic piñata composed of a thin paper crust surrounding an electronic core Mr Saffo wrote The growing paper crust is most noticeable but the hidden electronic core that produces the crust is far larger — and growing more rapidly The result is that we are becoming paperless but we hardly notice at all
In the same way that digital innovations have increased paper consumption Saffo says so has video conferencing — with its promise of fewer inperson meetings — boosting business travel
That＇s one of the great ironies of the information age Saffo says It＇s just common sense that the more you talk to someone by phone or computer it inevitably leads to a facetoface meeting The best thing for the aviation industry was the Internet
16 What function does the second sentence in the first paragraph serve
A It further explains hightech hubris
B It confirms the effect of hightech hubris
C It offers a cause for hightech hubris
D It offers a contrast to hightech hubris
参考答案： B
TIP：选B文章第句话办公室创新者说纸’办公室尚未实现梦想种典型高科技傲慢表现第二句话接着说天办公室正逐渐史纸淹没正傲慢表现果证实hightech hubris
17 Which of the following is NOT a reason for the slowdown in paper sales
A Workforce with better computer skills
B Slow growth of the US economy
C Changing patterns in paper use
D Changing employment trends
参考答案： B
TIP：选B文章第二段第二句提纸需求增长超美国济增长速度两三年里健康济局面纸张销售产生明显降B项正确
18 The two innovations by Xerox Corp and Anoto Group feature ________
A integrated use of paper and digital form
B a shift from paper to digital form
C the use of computer screen
D a new style of writing
参考答案： A
TIP：选A文章第十段提减少纸公司致力数字纸性相结合接着Xerox CorpAnoto Group例进行说明A项正确
19 What does the author mean by ＇＇irony of the information age
A The dream of the paperless office will be realized
B People usually prefer to have facetoface meetings
C More digital data use leads to greater paper use
D Some people are opposed to videoconferencing
参考答案： C
TIP：选C文章倒数第二段中述道数字化革新实际增加纸消耗选C
20 What is the author＇s attitude towards paperlessness
A He reviews the situation from different perspectives
B He agrees with some of the people quoted in the passage
C He has a preference for digital innovations
D He thinks airlines benefit most from the digital age
参考答案： B
TIP：选B文章第三段第二句话作者认忽略纸渴求接段落里引Merilyn Dunn话加证明文章结尾四段中作者处引Paul Saffo话认更科技手段没减少反增加纸
TEXT C
When George Orwell wrote in 1941 that England was the most classridden country under the sun he was only partly right Societies have always had their hierarchies with some group perched at the top In the Indian state of Bihar the Ranveer Sena an uppercaste private army even killed to stay there
By that measure class in Britain hardly seems entrenched (根深蒂固) But in another way Orwell was right and continues to be As a new YouGov poll shows Britons are surprisingly alert to class — both their own and that of others And they still think class is sticky According to the poll 48 of people aged 30 or over say they expect to end up better off than their parents But only 28 expect to end up in a different class More than twothirds think neither they nor their children will leave the class they were born into
What does this thing that people cannot escape consist of these days And what do people look at when decoding which class someone belongs to The most useful identifying markers according to the poll are occupation address accent and income in that order The fact that income comes fourth is revealing though some of the habits and attitudes that class used to define are more widely spread than they were class still indicates something less blunt than mere wealth
Occupation is the most trusted guide to class but changes in the labour market have made that harder to read than when Orwell was writing Manual workers have shrunk along with farming and heavy industry as a proportion of the workforce while the number of people in whitecollar jobs has surged Despite this striking change when they were asked to place themselves in a class Brits in 2006 huddled in much the same categories as they did when they were asked in 1949 So jobs which were once a fairly reliable guide to class have become misleading
A survey conducted earlier this year by Expertian shows how this convergence on similar types of work has blurred class boundaries Expertian asked people in a number of different jobs to place themselves in the working class or the middle class Secretaries waiters and journalists were significantly more likely to think themselves middleclass than accountants computer programmers or civil servants Many new whitecollar jobs offer no more autonomy or better prospects than old bluecollar ones Yet despite the muddle over what the markers of class are these days 71 of those polled by YouGov still said they found it very or fairly easy to figure out which class others belong to
In addition to changes in the labour market two other things have smudged the borders on the class map First since 1945 Britain has received large numbers of immigrants who do not fit easily into existing notions of class and may have their own pyramids to scramble up The flow of new arrivals has increased since the late 1990s multiplying this effect
Second barriers to fame have been lowered Britain＇s fastgrowing ranks of celebrities — like David Beckham and his wife Victoria — form a kind of parallel aristocracy open to talent or at least to those who are uninhibited enough to meet the requests of television producers This too has made definitions more complicated
But many Brits given the choice still prefer to identify with the class they were born into rather than that which their jobs or income would suggest This often entails pretending to be more humble than is actually the case 22 of whitecollar workers told YouGov that they consider themselves working class Likewise the Expertian survey found that one in ten adults who call themselves working class are among the richest assetowners and that over half a million households which earn more than 191000 a year say they are working class Pretending to be grander than income and occupation suggest is rarer though it happens too
If class no longer describes a clear social economic or even political status is it worth paying any attention to Possibly yes It is still in most cases closely correlated with educational attainment and career expectations
21 Why does the author say Orwell was right and continues to be (Paragraph Two)
A Because there was stronger class consciousness in India
B Because more people hope to end up in a higher class
C Because people expect to gain more wealth than their parents
D Because Britons are still conscious of their class status
参考答案： D
TIP：选DGeorge Orwell说英国世界阶级划分明显国家文提英国阶级敏感D项正确
22 ＇＇class still indicates something less blunt than mere wealth (Paragraph Three) means that ________
A class is still defined by its own habits and attitudes
B class would refer to something more subtle than money
C people from different classes may have the same habits or attitudes
D income is unimportant in determining which class one belongs to
参考答案： B
TIP：选B该句话含义阶级仅仅意味着财富少体现着直接东西B项表述正确
23 Which of the following statements is INCORRECT
A Whitecollar workers would place themselves in a different class
B People with different jobs may place themselves in the same class
C Occupation and class are no longer related with each other
D Changes in the workforce have made it difficult to define class
参考答案： C
TIP：选C文章第三段提判定某属阶级时英国常常标准中第便职业见职业阶级紧密联系
24 Which of the following is NOT a cause to blur class distinction
A Notions of class by immigrants
B Changing trends of employment
C Easy access to fame
D Fewer types of work
参考答案： D
TIP：选D三项第六四七段中均提
25 When some successful whitecollar workers choose to stay in the working class it implies that they are _________
A showing modesty
B showing selfrespect
C expressing boastfulness
D making an understatement
参考答案： A
TIP：选A文章倒数第二段中提英国倾属出生时阶级职业收入相匹配阶级常常表现出更谦逊面A项正确
TEXT D
The train was whirling onward with such dignity of motion that a glance from the window seemed simply to prove that plains of Texas were pouring eastward Vast flats of green grass dullhued spaces of mesquite and cactus little groups of frame houses woods of light and tender trees all were sweeping into the east sweeping over the horizon a precipice
A newly married pair had boarded this coach at San Antonio The man＇s face was reddened from many days in the wind and sun and a direct result of his new black clothes was that his brickcoloured hands were constantly performing in a most conscious fashion From time to time he looked down respectfully at his attire He sat with a hand on each knee like a man waiting in a barber＇s shop The glances he devoted to other passengers were furtive and shy
The bride was not pretty nor was she very young She wore a dress of blue cashmere with small reservations of velvet here and there and with steel buttons abounding She continually twisted her head to regard her puff sleeves very stiff and high They embarrassed her It was quite apparent that she had cooked and that she expected to cook dutifully The blushes caused by the careless scrutiny of some passengers as she had entered the car were strange to see upon this plain underclass countenance which was drawn in placid almost emotionless lines
They were evidently very happy Ever been in a parlorcar before he asked smiling with delight
No she answered I never was It＇s fine ain＇t it
Great And then after a while we＇ll go forward to the dinner and get a big layout Fresh meal in the world Charge a dollar
Oh do they cried the bride Charge a dollar Why that＇s too much — for us — ain＇t it Jack
Nor this trip anyhow he answered bravely We＇re going to go the whole thing
Later he explained to her about the trains You see it＇s a thousand miles from one end of Texas to the other and this runs right across it and never stops but four times He had the pride of an owner He pointed out to her the dazzling fittings of the coach and in truth her eyes opened wider and she contemplated the seagreen figured velvet the shining brass silver and glass the wood that gleamed as darkly brilliant as the surface of a pool of oil At one end a bronze figure sturdily held a support for a separated chamber and at convenient places on the ceiling were frescos in olive and silver
To the minds of the pair their surroundings reflected the glory of their marriage that morning in San Antonio this was the environment of their new estate and the man＇s face in particular beamed with an elation that made him appear ridiculous to the Negro porter This individual at times surveyed them from afar with an amused and superior grin On other occasions he bullied them with skill in ways that did not make it exactly plain to them that they were being bullied He subtly used all the manners of the most unconquerable kind of snobbery He oppressed them But of this oppression they had small knowledge and they speedily forgot that infrequently a number of travelers covered them with stares of derisive enjoyment Historically there was supposed to be something infinitely humorous in their situation
We are due in Yellow Sky at 342 he said looking tenderly into her eyes
Oh are we she said as if she had not been aware of it To evince (表现出) surprise at her husband＇s statement was part of her wifely amiability She took from a pocket a little silver watch and as she held it before her and stared at it with a frown of attention the new husband＇s face shone
I bought it in San Anton＇ from a friend of mine he told her gleefully
It＇s seventeen minutes past twelve she said looking up at him with a kind of shy and clumsy coquetry (调情卖俏) A passenger noting this play grew excessively sardonic and winked at himself in one of the numerous mirrors
At last they went to the diningcar Two rows of Negro waiters in glowing white suits surveyed their entrance with the interest and also the equanimity (静) of men who had been forewarned The pair fell to the lot of a waiter who happened to feel pleasure in steering them through their meal He viewed them with the manner of a fatherly pilot his countenance radiant with benevolence The patronage entwined with the ordinary deference was not plain to them And yet as they returned to their coach they showed in their faces a sense of escape
26 The description of the couple＇s clothes and behaviour at the beginning of the passage seems to indicate that they had a sense of __________
A secrecy
B elation
C superiority
D awkwardness
参考答案： D
TIP：选D文章第二三段处词furtiveshyembarrassblushes等说明夫妇火车表现出笨拙
27 Which of the following adjectives best depicts the interior of the coach
A Modern
B Luxurious
C Practical
D Complex
参考答案： B
TIP：选B文章火车部描述词组dazzling fittingseagreen figured velvetshining brasssilver等说明火车装饰华丽
28 Which of the following best describes the attitude of other people on the train towards the couple
A They regarded the couple as an object of fun
B They expressed indifference towards the couple
C They were very curious about the couple
D They showed friendliness towards the couple
参考答案： A
TIP：选A文章第十段描述黑列车服务员时时远处量嘴角带着消遣高等笑容时种易察觉方式欺负处处表现出世势利说明A项表述正确
29 Which of the following contains a metaphor
A like a man waiting in a barber＇s shop
B his countenance radiant with benevolence
C sweeping over the horizon a precipice
D as darkly brilliant as the surface of a pool of oil
参考答案： C
TIP：选C里precipice喻horizon暗喻
30 We can infer from the last paragraph that in the diningcar ________
A the waiters were snobbish
B the couple felt ill at ease
C the service was satisfactory
D the couple enjoyed their dinner
参考答案： B
TIP：选B文章结尾句回车厢脸种解脱神情说明餐车
PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGEThere are ten multiplechoice questions in this section Mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO
31 The northernmost part of Great Britain is _______
A Northern Ireland
B Wales
C England
D Scotland
参考答案： D
TIP：选D英国北端苏格兰
32 It is generally agreed that _______ were the first Europeans to reach Australia＇s shores
A the French
B the Germans
C the British
D the Dutch
参考答案： D
TIP：选D1606年荷兰航海家Willem Janszoon约克角西岸登陆澳洲1770年英国库克船长登澳洲陆宣布英国领土
33 Which country is known as the Land of Maple Leaf
A Canada
B New Zealand
C Great Britain
D The United States of America
参考答案： A
TIP：选A加誉枫叶国
34 Who wrote the famous pamphlet The Common Sense before the American Revolution
A Thomas Jefferson
B Thomas Paine
C John Adams
D Benjamin Franklin
参考答案： B
TIP：选B常识托马斯•潘恩美国革命前撰写
35 Virginia Woolf was an important female ________ in the 20thcentury England
A poet
B biographer
C playwright
D novelist
参考答案： D
TIP：选D弗吉尼亚•伍尔芙英国著名说家第二次世界战期间伦敦文学界核心物
36 ______ refers to a long narrative poem that records the adventures of a hero in a nation＇s history
A Ballad
B Romance
C Epic
D Elegy
参考答案： C
TIP：选Cepic史诗叙事诗意思
37 Which of the following best explores American myth in the 20th century
A The Great Gatsby
B The Sun Also Rises
C The Sound and the Fury
D Beyond the Horizon
参考答案： A
TIP：选A天边外尤金•奥尼尔著名戏剧作品太阳常升起海明威代表作喧哗骚动福克纳代表作起盖茨作者菲茨杰拉德作品反映美国20世纪20年代30年代社会现实美国神话进行类诠释解读
38 _______ is defined as the study of the relationship between language and mind
A Semantics
B Pragmatics
C Cognitive linguistics
D Sociolinguistics
参考答案： C
TIP：选C认知语言学认语言创建学运基必须够通类认知加解释认知力类知识根
39 A vowel is different from a consonant in English because of ________
A absence of obstruction
B presence of obstruction
C manner of articulation
D place of articulation
参考答案： A
TIP：选A辅音肺部呼出气流通口腔鼻腔时遇阻碍发出音元音发音区受阻碍产生摩擦
40 The definition the act of using or promoting the use of several languages either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers refers to _________
A Pidgin
B Creole
C Multilingualism
D Bilingualism
参考答案： C
TIP：选CMultilingualism意思语现象语制
PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION
The passage contains TEN errors Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error In each case only ONE word is involved You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way
To correct these mistakes you may need to change delete or add a word If you need to change a word click the left mouse button to select the word choose change on the menu and write the correct word in the blank If you need to delete a word click the left mouse button to select the word and choose delete on the menu If you need to add a word click the left mouse button to select the space in between the two words where you think there is a word missing choose add on the menu and write the missing word in the blank And you may use cancel on the menu to cancel the choice of the correction way you＇ve just made
From a very early age perhaps the age of five or six I knew that when I grew I should be a writer Between the ages of about seventeen and twentyfour I tried to abandon this idea but I did so with the conscience that I was outraging my true nature and that soon or later I should have to settle down and write books
I was the middle child of three but there was a gap of five years on either side and I barely saw my father before I was eight For this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely and I soon developed disagreeing mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my schooldays I had the lonely child＇s habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginative persons and I think from the very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing in unpleasant facts and I felt that this created a sort of private world which I could get my own back for my failure in everyday life Therefore the volume of serious – ie seriously intended – writing which I produced all through my childhood and boyhood would not amount to half a dozen pages I wrote my first poem at the age of four or five my mother taking it down to dictation
(1) __________
(2) __________
(3) __________
(4) __________
(5) __________
(6) __________
(7) __________
(8) __________
(9) __________
(10) __________
参考答案：
(1) grew ∧ up — 加入upupgrow作成长解时物动词副词up搭配
(2) conscience — 改成consciousness根原文处表达意思应该样做时清楚知道背叛天性conscience意良心符合句意
(3) soon — 改成soonersooner or later固定搭配意迟早
(4) on — 删ontheon either side表示两边前面应定冠词the(5) disagreeing — 改成disagreeable处表达意思应快养成乖戾性学生时代受欢迎disagreeable意友善难相处
(6) imaginative — 改成imaginaryimaginative意想力imaginary意想虚构处意思应养成孤独孩子带编造事惯想中说话改imaginary
(7) literal — 改成literary处意思应文学抱负应literal（文字）改literary（文学）
(8) in — 删inface表示面直接宾语应掉介词in
(9) world ∧ in — 加入in里which引导定语句修饰world介词in省略
(10) Therefore — 改成Nevertheless文含义应表达转折连词nevertheless
PART V TRANSLATIONSECTION
A CHINESE TO ENGLISH
Translate the underlined part of the following text into English Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE
现代社会价值观持生活方式选择充满矛盾现代感尴尬面重重矛盾许时候选择匆忙休闲截然两种生活方式现实生活中两种生活方式间频繁穿梭时说清底休闲着匆忙着譬说正旅游胜享受假期忽然接老板电话告诉客户工作方面出麻烦——现代便捷先进工具刻显示出狰狞阴郁面容——搞子兴趣全接休闲徒表心里已火烧火燎
参考答案：
Being in haste and at leisure are two distinct lifestyles But in real life people have to shuttle between these two lifestyles frequently without knowing whether they are at leisure or in haste For instance when we are enjoying our holidays in a tourist attraction a phone call from the boss tells us contingencies have happened with our clients or work The hideous and gloomy side of the convenient modern hightech device drives away all the interest The following leisure time can only be reduced to the pure form because we are already in a restless and anxious state of mind
SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE
Translate the following text into Chinese Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE
When flying over Nepal it＇s easy to soar in your imagination and pretend you＇re tiny — a butterfly — and drifting above one of those threedimensional topographical maps architects use the circling contour lines replaced by the terraced rice paddies that surround each high ridge
Nepal is a small country and from the windows of our plane floating eastward at 12000 feet one can see clearly the brilliant white mirage of the high Himalayas thirty miles off the left window
Out the right window the view is of three or four high terraced ridges giving sudden way to the plains of India beyond
There were few roads visible below most transportation in Nepal being by foot along ancient trails that connect and bind the country together There is also a network of dirt airstrips which was fortunate for me as I had no time for the twoandahalf week trek to my destination I was on a flight to the local airport
参考答案：
尼泊尔空飞行想象力容易开始翱翔仿佛渺——蝴蝶——飞幅三维建筑形图环绕着高脊梯田图中环形等高线
尼泊尔国飞机万两千英尺高空东稳飞行透左侧窗户清楚见方三十英里处雄伟喜马拉雅山呈现出白色蜃景
转右侧窗口三四座高高布梯田山脊快印度境广阔原代
飞机方见极少条路尼泊尔出行方式着古老路步行路联系着全国外国家空中网络然机场尘土飞扬说算幸运没时间进行两半星期徒步旅行达目时机场航班
PART VI WRITING
According to a recent newspaper report many famous sites of historical interest in China have begun or are considering charging tourists higher entry fees during peak travel seasons This has aroused a lot of public attention and also public debate What is your opinion Should famous Chinese sites of historical interest charge higher fees during peak travel seasons Write an essay of about 400 words
In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary
You should supply an appropriate title for your essay
Marks will be awarded for content organization language and appropriateness Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks
Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET FOUR
参考答案：
Higher Entry Fees During Peak Travel Season
In recent years people in China have more time and money to visit famous sites of historical interest owing to longer holidays and higher incomes These visits on the one hand can enrich their own life and bring the sites substantial incomes On the other hand too many visits especially during travel peaks when there are more visitors have caused huge problems in several aspects In my opinion one effective solution to this problem is to charge higher fees during peak travel seasons
For one reason those who oppose higher fees have ignored the unique features of famous sites of historical interest Different from the common parks the historical spots normally imply ample historical and cultural values The relics in these spots are so precious and fragile that they usually need special and professional preservation and administration which obviously costs large amounts of money During peak travel seasons even more tourists pay visits to the historical spots Such huge amount of people arriving at one historical spot may probably lead to some unexpected damages Facing this situation there is no better measure than raising the entry fees to reduce the number of tourists in peak seasons The only purpose of charging higher entry fees is to stop some people＇s visits during special seasons so as to achieve a better protection of the valuable relics With higher entry fees some people may change their plans and give up their visits Here economic means are applied to conserve precious things at the sites of historical interest in an appropriate and sustainable way
For another reason higher fees charged may effectively reduce the number of tourists visiting historical spots in peak seasons which is also good to the safety of the tourists Reports on the accidents happening to tourists are not new to us Especially during peak seasons heavy traffic of passengers poses potential threats to the life of tourists Furthermore relaxation is always an ultimate goal for tourists It is almost impossible for anyone to appreciate anything in an overcrowded spot with a sea of people around An ideal holiday may even be ruined by the hustle and bustle and endless waiting
In short we need to control the number of visitors especially during the peak travel seasons to guarantee a sound protection of historical spots as well as the safety of tourists Among others higher entry fees may be a simple and effective economic means of regulation which should be taken into account by the authorities As for the tourists this may not be so bad as it sounds
文档香网(httpswwwxiangdangnet)户传
《香当网》用户分享的内容，不代表《香当网》观点或立场，请自行判断内容的真实性和可靠性！
该内容是文档的文本内容，更好的格式请下载文档
